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NAME | DESCRIPTION | NOTES | SEE ALSO | COLOPHON |
SCHED(7) Linux Programmer's Manual SCHED(7)
sched - overview of CPU scheduling
Since Linux 2.6.23, the default scheduler is CFS, the "Completely
Fair Scheduler". The CFS scheduler replaced the earlier "O(1)"
scheduler.
API summary
Linux provides the following system calls for controlling the CPU
scheduling behavior, policy, and priority of processes (or, more
precisely, threads).
nice(2)
Set a new nice value for the calling thread, and return the
new nice value.
getpriority(2)
Return the nice value of a thread, a process group, or the set
of threads owned by a specified user.
setpriority(2)
Set the nice value of a thread, a process group, or the set of
threads owned by a specified user.
sched_setscheduler(2)
Set the scheduling policy and parameters of a specified
thread.
sched_getscheduler(2)
Return the scheduling policy of a specified thread.
sched_setparam(2)
Set the scheduling parameters of a specified thread.
sched_getparam(2)
Fetch the scheduling parameters of a specified thread.
sched_get_priority_max(2)
Return the maximum priority available in a specified
scheduling policy.
sched_get_priority_min(2)
Return the minimum priority available in a specified
scheduling policy.
sched_rr_get_interval(2)
Fetch the quantum used for threads that are scheduled under
the "round-robin" scheduling policy.
sched_yield(2)
Cause the caller to relinquish the CPU, so that some other
thread be executed.
sched_setaffinity(2)
(Linux-specific) Set the CPU affinity of a specified thread.
sched_getaffinity(2)
(Linux-specific) Get the CPU affinity of a specified thread.
sched_setattr(2)
Set the scheduling policy and parameters of a specified
thread. This (Linux-specific) system call provides a superset
of the functionality of sched_setscheduler(2) and
sched_setparam(2).
sched_getattr(2)
Fetch the scheduling policy and parameters of a specified
thread. This (Linux-specific) system call provides a superset
of the functionality of sched_getscheduler(2) and
sched_getparam(2).
Scheduling policies
The scheduler is the kernel component that decides which runnable
thread will be executed by the CPU next. Each thread has an
associated scheduling policy and a static scheduling priority,
sched_priority. The scheduler makes its decisions based on knowledge
of the scheduling policy and static priority of all threads on the
system.
For threads scheduled under one of the normal scheduling policies
(SCHED_OTHER, SCHED_IDLE, SCHED_BATCH), sched_priority is not used in
scheduling decisions (it must be specified as 0).
Processes scheduled under one of the real-time policies (SCHED_FIFO,
SCHED_RR) have a sched_priority value in the range 1 (low) to 99
(high). (As the numbers imply, real-time threads always have higher
priority than normal threads.) Note well: POSIX.1 requires an
implementation to support only a minimum 32 distinct priority levels
for the real-time policies, and some systems supply just this
minimum. Portable programs should use sched_get_priority_min(2) and
sched_get_priority_max(2) to find the range of priorities supported
for a particular policy.
Conceptually, the scheduler maintains a list of runnable threads for
each possible sched_priority value. In order to determine which
thread runs next, the scheduler looks for the nonempty list with the
highest static priority and selects the thread at the head of this
list.
A thread's scheduling policy determines where it will be inserted
into the list of threads with equal static priority and how it will
move inside this list.
All scheduling is preemptive: if a thread with a higher static
priority becomes ready to run, the currently running thread will be
preempted and returned to the wait list for its static priority
level. The scheduling policy determines the ordering only within the
list of runnable threads with equal static priority.
SCHED_FIFO: First in-first out scheduling
SCHED_FIFO can be used only with static priorities higher than 0,
which means that when a SCHED_FIFO threads becomes runnable, it will
always immediately preempt any currently running SCHED_OTHER,
SCHED_BATCH, or SCHED_IDLE thread. SCHED_FIFO is a simple scheduling
algorithm without time slicing. For threads scheduled under the
SCHED_FIFO policy, the following rules apply:
* A SCHED_FIFO thread that has been preempted by another thread of
higher priority will stay at the head of the list for its priority
and will resume execution as soon as all threads of higher
priority are blocked again.
* When a SCHED_FIFO thread becomes runnable, it will be inserted at
the end of the list for its priority.
* A call to sched_setscheduler(2), sched_setparam(2), or
sched_setattr(2) will put the SCHED_FIFO (or SCHED_RR) thread
identified by pid at the start of the list if it was runnable. As
a consequence, it may preempt the currently running thread if it
has the same priority. (POSIX.1 specifies that the thread should
go to the end of the list.)
* A thread calling sched_yield(2) will be put at the end of the
list.
No other events will move a thread scheduled under the SCHED_FIFO
policy in the wait list of runnable threads with equal static
priority.
A SCHED_FIFO thread runs until either it is blocked by an I/O
request, it is preempted by a higher priority thread, or it calls
sched_yield(2).
SCHED_RR: Round-robin scheduling
SCHED_RR is a simple enhancement of SCHED_FIFO. Everything described
above for SCHED_FIFO also applies to SCHED_RR, except that each
thread is allowed to run only for a maximum time quantum. If a
SCHED_RR thread has been running for a time period equal to or longer
than the time quantum, it will be put at the end of the list for its
priority. A SCHED_RR thread that has been preempted by a higher
priority thread and subsequently resumes execution as a running
thread will complete the unexpired portion of its round-robin time
quantum. The length of the time quantum can be retrieved using
sched_rr_get_interval(2).
SCHED_DEADLINE: Sporadic task model deadline scheduling
Since version 3.14, Linux provides a deadline scheduling policy
(SCHED_DEADLINE). This policy is currently implemented using GEDF
(Global Earliest Deadline First) in conjunction with CBS (Constant
Bandwidth Server). To set and fetch this policy and associated
attributes, one must use the Linux-specific sched_setattr(2) and
sched_getattr(2) system calls.
A sporadic task is one that has a sequence of jobs, where each job is
activated at most once per period. Each job also has a relative
deadline, before which it should finish execution, and a computation
time, which is the CPU time necessary for executing the job. The
moment when a task wakes up because a new job has to be executed is
called the arrival time (also referred to as the request time or
release time). The start time is the time at which a task starts its
execution. The absolute deadline is thus obtained by adding the
relative deadline to the arrival time.
The following diagram clarifies these terms:
arrival/wakeup absolute deadline
| start time |
| | |
v v v
-----x--------xooooooooooooooooo--------x--------x---
|<- comp. time ->|
|<------- relative deadline ------>|
|<-------------- period ------------------->|
When setting a SCHED_DEADLINE policy for a thread using
sched_setattr(2), one can specify three parameters: Runtime,
Deadline, and Period. These parameters do not necessarily correspond
to the aforementioned terms: usual practice is to set Runtime to
something bigger than the average computation time (or worst-case
execution time for hard real-time tasks), Deadline to the relative
deadline, and Period to the period of the task. Thus, for
SCHED_DEADLINE scheduling, we have:
arrival/wakeup absolute deadline
| start time |
| | |
v v v
-----x--------xooooooooooooooooo--------x--------x---
|<-- Runtime ------->|
|<----------- Deadline ----------->|
|<-------------- Period ------------------->|
The three deadline-scheduling parameters correspond to the
sched_runtime, sched_deadline, and sched_period fields of the
sched_attr structure; see sched_setattr(2). These fields express
values in nanoseconds. If sched_period is specified as 0, then it is
made the same as sched_deadline.
The kernel requires that:
sched_runtime <= sched_deadline <= sched_period
In addition, under the current implementation, all of the parameter
values must be at least 1024 (i.e., just over one microsecond, which
is the resolution of the implementation), and less than 2^63. If any
of these checks fails, sched_setattr(2) fails with the error EINVAL.
The CBS guarantees non-interference between tasks, by throttling
threads that attempt to over-run their specified Runtime.
To ensure deadline scheduling guarantees, the kernel must prevent
situations where the set of SCHED_DEADLINE threads is not feasible
(schedulable) within the given constraints. The kernel thus performs
an admittance test when setting or changing SCHED_DEADLINE policy and
attributes. This admission test calculates whether the change is
feasible; if it is not, sched_setattr(2) fails with the error EBUSY.
For example, it is required (but not necessarily sufficient) for the
total utilization to be less than or equal to the total number of
CPUs available, where, since each thread can maximally run for
Runtime per Period, that thread's utilization is its Runtime divided
by its Period.
In order to fulfill the guarantees that are made when a thread is
admitted to the SCHED_DEADLINE policy, SCHED_DEADLINE threads are the
highest priority (user controllable) threads in the system; if any
SCHED_DEADLINE thread is runnable, it will preempt any thread
scheduled under one of the other policies.
A call to fork(2) by a thread scheduled under the SCHED_DEADLINE
policy will fail with the error EAGAIN, unless the thread has its
reset-on-fork flag set (see below).
A SCHED_DEADLINE thread that calls sched_yield(2) will yield the
current job and wait for a new period to begin.
SCHED_OTHER: Default Linux time-sharing scheduling
SCHED_OTHER can be used at only static priority 0 (i.e., threads
under real-time policies always have priority over SCHED_OTHER
processes). SCHED_OTHER is the standard Linux time-sharing scheduler
that is intended for all threads that do not require the special
real-time mechanisms.
The thread to run is chosen from the static priority 0 list based on
a dynamic priority that is determined only inside this list. The
dynamic priority is based on the nice value (see below) and is
increased for each time quantum the thread is ready to run, but
denied to run by the scheduler. This ensures fair progress among all
SCHED_OTHER threads.
The nice value
The nice value is an attribute that can be used to influence the CPU
scheduler to favor or disfavor a process in scheduling decisions. It
affects the scheduling of SCHED_OTHER and SCHED_BATCH (see below)
processes. The nice value can be modified using nice(2),
setpriority(2), or sched_setattr(2).
According to POSIX.1, the nice value is a per-process attribute; that
is, the threads in a process should share a nice value. However, on
Linux, the nice value is a per-thread attribute: different threads in
the same process may have different nice values.
The range of the nice value varies across UNIX systems. On modern
Linux, the range is -20 (high priority) to +19 (low priority). On
some other systems, the range is -20..20. Very early Linux kernels
(Before Linux 2.0) had the range -infinity..15.
The degree to which the nice value affects the relative scheduling of
SCHED_OTHER processes likewise varies across UNIX systems and across
Linux kernel versions.
With the advent of the CFS scheduler in kernel 2.6.23, Linux adopted
an algorithm that causes relative differences in nice values to have
a much stronger effect. In the current implementation, each unit of
difference in the nice values of two processes results in a factor of
1.25 in the degree to which the scheduler favors the higher priority
process. This causes very low nice values (+19) to truly provide
little CPU to a process whenever there is any other higher priority
load on the system, and makes high nice values (-20) deliver most of
the CPU to applications that require it (e.g., some audio
applications).
On Linux, the RLIMIT_NICE resource limit can be used to define a
limit to which an unprivileged process's nice value can be raised;
see setrlimit(2) for details.
For further details on the nice value, see the subsections on the
autogroup feature and group scheduling, below.
SCHED_BATCH: Scheduling batch processes
(Since Linux 2.6.16.) SCHED_BATCH can be used only at static
priority 0. This policy is similar to SCHED_OTHER in that it
schedules the thread according to its dynamic priority (based on the
nice value). The difference is that this policy will cause the
scheduler to always assume that the thread is CPU-intensive.
Consequently, the scheduler will apply a small scheduling penalty
with respect to wakeup behavior, so that this thread is mildly
disfavored in scheduling decisions.
This policy is useful for workloads that are noninteractive, but do
not want to lower their nice value, and for workloads that want a
deterministic scheduling policy without interactivity causing extra
preemptions (between the workload's tasks).
SCHED_IDLE: Scheduling very low priority jobs
(Since Linux 2.6.23.) SCHED_IDLE can be used only at static priority
0; the process nice value has no influence for this policy.
This policy is intended for running jobs at extremely low priority
(lower even than a +19 nice value with the SCHED_OTHER or SCHED_BATCH
policies).
Resetting scheduling policy for child processes
Each thread has a reset-on-fork scheduling flag. When this flag is
set, children created by fork(2) do not inherit privileged scheduling
policies. The reset-on-fork flag can be set by either:
* ORing the SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK flag into the policy argument when
calling sched_setscheduler(2) (since Linux 2.6.32); or
* specifying the SCHED_FLAG_RESET_ON_FORK flag in attr.sched_flags
when calling sched_setattr(2).
Note that the constants used with these two APIs have different
names. The state of the reset-on-fork flag can analogously be
retrieved using sched_getscheduler(2) and sched_getattr(2).
The reset-on-fork feature is intended for media-playback
applications, and can be used to prevent applications evading the
RLIMIT_RTTIME resource limit (see getrlimit(2)) by creating multiple
child processes.
More precisely, if the reset-on-fork flag is set, the following rules
apply for subsequently created children:
* If the calling thread has a scheduling policy of SCHED_FIFO or
SCHED_RR, the policy is reset to SCHED_OTHER in child processes.
* If the calling process has a negative nice value, the nice value
is reset to zero in child processes.
After the reset-on-fork flag has been enabled, it can be reset only
if the thread has the CAP_SYS_NICE capability. This flag is disabled
in child processes created by fork(2).
Privileges and resource limits
In Linux kernels before 2.6.12, only privileged (CAP_SYS_NICE)
threads can set a nonzero static priority (i.e., set a real-time
scheduling policy). The only change that an unprivileged thread can
make is to set the SCHED_OTHER policy, and this can be done only if
the effective user ID of the caller matches the real or effective
user ID of the target thread (i.e., the thread specified by pid)
whose policy is being changed.
A thread must be privileged (CAP_SYS_NICE) in order to set or modify
a SCHED_DEADLINE policy.
Since Linux 2.6.12, the RLIMIT_RTPRIO resource limit defines a
ceiling on an unprivileged thread's static priority for the SCHED_RR
and SCHED_FIFO policies. The rules for changing scheduling policy
and priority are as follows:
* If an unprivileged thread has a nonzero RLIMIT_RTPRIO soft limit,
then it can change its scheduling policy and priority, subject to
the restriction that the priority cannot be set to a value higher
than the maximum of its current priority and its RLIMIT_RTPRIO
soft limit.
* If the RLIMIT_RTPRIO soft limit is 0, then the only permitted
changes are to lower the priority, or to switch to a non-real-time
policy.
* Subject to the same rules, another unprivileged thread can also
make these changes, as long as the effective user ID of the thread
making the change matches the real or effective user ID of the
target thread.
* Special rules apply for the SCHED_IDLE policy. In Linux kernels
before 2.6.39, an unprivileged thread operating under this policy
cannot change its policy, regardless of the value of its
RLIMIT_RTPRIO resource limit. In Linux kernels since 2.6.39, an
unprivileged thread can switch to either the SCHED_BATCH or the
SCHED_OTHER policy so long as its nice value falls within the
range permitted by its RLIMIT_NICE resource limit (see
getrlimit(2)).
Privileged (CAP_SYS_NICE) threads ignore the RLIMIT_RTPRIO limit; as
with older kernels, they can make arbitrary changes to scheduling
policy and priority. See getrlimit(2) for further information on
RLIMIT_RTPRIO.
Limiting the CPU usage of real-time and deadline processes
A nonblocking infinite loop in a thread scheduled under the
SCHED_FIFO, SCHED_RR, or SCHED_DEADLINE policy can potentially block
all other threads from accessing the CPU forever. Prior to Linux
2.6.25, the only way of preventing a runaway real-time process from
freezing the system was to run (at the console) a shell scheduled
under a higher static priority than the tested application. This
allows an emergency kill of tested real-time applications that do not
block or terminate as expected.
Since Linux 2.6.25, there are other techniques for dealing with
runaway real-time and deadline processes. One of these is to use the
RLIMIT_RTTIME resource limit to set a ceiling on the CPU time that a
real-time process may consume. See getrlimit(2) for details.
Since version 2.6.25, Linux also provides two /proc files that can be
used to reserve a certain amount of CPU time to be used by non-real-
time processes. Reserving CPU time in this fashion allows some CPU
time to be allocated to (say) a root shell that can be used to kill a
runaway process. Both of these files specify time values in
microseconds:
/proc/sys/kernel/sched_rt_period_us
This file specifies a scheduling period that is equivalent to
100% CPU bandwidth. The value in this file can range from 1
to INT_MAX, giving an operating range of 1 microsecond to
around 35 minutes. The default value in this file is
1,000,000 (1 second).
/proc/sys/kernel/sched_rt_runtime_us
The value in this file specifies how much of the "period" time
can be used by all real-time and deadline scheduled processes
on the system. The value in this file can range from -1 to
INT_MAX-1. Specifying -1 makes the runtime the same as the
period; that is, no CPU time is set aside for non-real-time
processes (which was the Linux behavior before kernel 2.6.25).
The default value in this file is 950,000 (0.95 seconds),
meaning that 5% of the CPU time is reserved for processes that
don't run under a real-time or deadline scheduling policy.
Response time
A blocked high priority thread waiting for I/O has a certain response
time before it is scheduled again. The device driver writer can
greatly reduce this response time by using a "slow interrupt"
interrupt handler.
Miscellaneous
Child processes inherit the scheduling policy and parameters across a
fork(2). The scheduling policy and parameters are preserved across
execve(2).
Memory locking is usually needed for real-time processes to avoid
paging delays; this can be done with mlock(2) or mlockall(2).
The autogroup feature
Since Linux 2.6.38, the kernel provides a feature known as
autogrouping to improve interactive desktop performance in the face
of multiprocess, CPU-intensive workloads such as building the Linux
kernel with large numbers of parallel build processes (i.e., the
make(1) -j flag).
This feature operates in conjunction with the CFS scheduler and
requires a kernel that is configured with CONFIG_SCHED_AUTOGROUP. On
a running system, this feature is enabled or disabled via the file
/proc/sys/kernel/sched_autogroup_enabled; a value of 0 disables the
feature, while a value of 1 enables it. The default value in this
file is 1, unless the kernel was booted with the noautogroup
parameter.
A new autogroup is created when a new session is created via
setsid(2); this happens, for example, when a new terminal window is
started. A new process created by fork(2) inherits its parent's
autogroup membership. Thus, all of the processes in a session are
members of the same autogroup. An autogroup is automatically
destroyed when the last process in the group terminates.
When autogrouping is enabled, all of the members of an autogroup are
placed in the same kernel scheduler "task group". The CFS scheduler
employs an algorithm that equalizes the distribution of CPU cycles
across task groups. The benefits of this for interactive desktop
performance can be described via the following example.
Suppose that there are two autogroups competing for the same CPU
(i.e., presume either a single CPU system or the use of taskset(1) to
confine all the processes to the same CPU on an SMP system). The
first group contains ten CPU-bound processes from a kernel build
started with make -j10. The other contains a single CPU-bound
process: a video player. The effect of autogrouping is that the two
groups will each receive half of the CPU cycles. That is, the video
player will receive 50% of the CPU cycles, rather than just 9% of the
cycles, which would likely lead to degraded video playback. The
situation on an SMP system is more complex, but the general effect is
the same: the scheduler distributes CPU cycles across task groups
such that an autogroup that contains a large number of CPU-bound
processes does not end up hogging CPU cycles at the expense of the
other jobs on the system.
A process's autogroup (task group) membership can be viewed via the
file /proc/[pid]/autogroup:
$ cat /proc/1/autogroup
/autogroup-1 nice 0
This file can also be used to modify the CPU bandwidth allocated to
an autogroup. This is done by writing a number in the "nice" range
to the file to set the autogroup's nice value. The allowed range is
from +19 (low priority) to -20 (high priority). (Writing values
outside of this range causes write(2) to fail with the error EINVAL.)
The autogroup nice setting has the same meaning as the process nice
value, but applies to distribution of CPU cycles to the autogroup as
a whole, based on the relative nice values of other autogroups. For
a process inside an autogroup, the CPU cycles that it receives will
be a product of the autogroup's nice value (compared to other
autogroups) and the process's nice value (compared to other processes
in the same autogroup.
The use of the cgroups(7) CPU controller to place processes in
cgroups other than the root CPU cgroup overrides the effect of
autogrouping.
The autogroup feature groups only processes scheduled under non-real-
time policies (SCHED_OTHER, SCHED_BATCH, and SCHED_IDLE). It does
not group processes scheduled under real-time and deadline policies.
Those processes are scheduled according to the rules described
earlier.
The nice value and group scheduling
When scheduling non-real-time processes (i.e., those scheduled under
the SCHED_OTHER, SCHED_BATCH, and SCHED_IDLE policies), the CFS
scheduler employs a technique known as "group scheduling", if the
kernel was configured with the CONFIG_FAIR_GROUP_SCHED option (which
is typical).
Under group scheduling, threads are scheduled in "task groups". Task
groups have a hierarchical relationship, rooted under the initial
task group on the system, known as the "root task group". Task
groups are formed in the following circumstances:
* All of the threads in a CPU cgroup form a task group. The parent
of this task group is the task group of the corresponding parent
cgroup.
* If autogrouping is enabled, then all of the threads that are
(implicitly) placed in an autogroup (i.e., the same session, as
created by setsid(2)) form a task group. Each new autogroup is
thus a separate task group. The root task group is the parent of
all such autogroups.
* If autogrouping is enabled, then the root task group consists of
all processes in the root CPU cgroup that were not otherwise
implicitly placed into a new autogroup.
* If autogrouping is disabled, then the root task group consists of
all processes in the root CPU cgroup.
* If group scheduling was disabled (i.e., the kernel was configured
without CONFIG_FAIR_GROUP_SCHED), then all of the processes on the
system are notionally placed in a single task group.
Under group scheduling, a thread's nice value has an effect for
scheduling decisions only relative to other threads in the same task
group. This has some surprising consequences in terms of the
traditional semantics of the nice value on UNIX systems. In
particular, if autogrouping is enabled (which is the default in
various distributions), then employing setpriority(2) or nice(1) on a
process has an effect only for scheduling relative to other processes
executed in the same session (typically: the same terminal window).
Conversely, for two processes that are (for example) the sole CPU-
bound processes in different sessions (e.g., different terminal
windows, each of whose jobs are tied to different autogroups),
modifying the nice value of the process in one of the sessions has no
effect in terms of the scheduler's decisions relative to the process
in the other session. A possibly useful workaround here is to use a
command such as the following to modify the autogroup nice value for
all of the processes in a terminal session:
$ echo 10 > /proc/self/autogroup
Real-time features in the mainline Linux kernel
Since kernel version 2.6.18, Linux is gradually becoming equipped
with real-time capabilities, most of which are derived from the
former realtime-preempt patch set. Until the patches have been
completely merged into the mainline kernel, they must be installed to
achieve the best real-time performance. These patches are named:
patch-kernelversion-rtpatchversion
and can be downloaded from
⟨http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/projects/rt/⟩.
Without the patches and prior to their full inclusion into the main‐
line kernel, the kernel configuration offers only the three preemp‐
tion classes CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE, CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY, and CON‐
FIG_PREEMPT_DESKTOP which respectively provide no, some, and consid‐
erable reduction of the worst-case scheduling latency.
With the patches applied or after their full inclusion into the main‐
line kernel, the additional configuration item CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT
becomes available. If this is selected, Linux is transformed into a
regular real-time operating system. The FIFO and RR scheduling poli‐
cies are then used to run a thread with true real-time priority and a
minimum worst-case scheduling latency.
The cgroups(7) CPU controller can be used to limit the CPU
consumption of groups of processes.
Originally, Standard Linux was intended as a general-purpose
operating system being able to handle background processes,
interactive applications, and less demanding real-time applications
(applications that need to usually meet timing deadlines). Although
the Linux kernel 2.6 allowed for kernel preemption and the newly
introduced O(1) scheduler ensures that the time needed to schedule is
fixed and deterministic irrespective of the number of active tasks,
true real-time computing was not possible up to kernel version
2.6.17.
chrt(1), taskset(1), getpriority(2), mlock(2), mlockall(2),
munlock(2), munlockall(2), nice(2), sched_get_priority_max(2),
sched_get_priority_min(2), sched_getaffinity(2), sched_getparam(2),
sched_getscheduler(2), sched_rr_get_interval(2),
sched_setaffinity(2), sched_setparam(2), sched_setscheduler(2),
sched_yield(2), setpriority(2), pthread_getaffinity_np(3),
pthread_setaffinity_np(3), sched_getcpu(3), capabilities(7),
cpuset(7)
Programming for the real world - POSIX.4 by Bill O. Gallmeister,
O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., ISBN 1-56592-074-0.
The Linux kernel source files Documentation/scheduler/sched-
deadline.txt, Documentation/scheduler/sched-rt-group.txt,
Documentation/scheduler/sched-design-CFS.txt, and
Documentation/scheduler/sched-nice-design.txt
This page is part of release 4.12 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
latest version of this page, can be found at
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Linux 2016-10-08 SCHED(7)
Pages that refer to this page: chrt(1), renice(1), taskset(1), fork(2), futex(2), getpriority(2), getrlimit(2), nice(2), sched_get_priority_max(2), sched_rr_get_interval(2), sched_setaffinity(2), sched_setattr(2), sched_setparam(2), sched_setscheduler(2), sched_yield(2), setsid(2), pthread_attr_setinheritsched(3), pthread_attr_setschedparam(3), pthread_attr_setschedpolicy(3), pthread_setaffinity_np(3), pthread_setschedparam(3), pthread_setschedprio(3), pthread_yield(3), sched_getcpu(3), proc(5), systemd.exec(5), cgroups(7), cpuset(7), pthreads(7)