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NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | RETURN VALUE | ERRORS | VERSIONS | CONFORMING TO | NOTES | EXAMPLE | SEE ALSO | COLOPHON |
SCHED_SETAFFINITY(2) Linux Programmer's Manual SCHED_SETAFFINITY(2)
sched_setaffinity, sched_getaffinity - set and get a thread's CPU
affinity mask
#define _GNU_SOURCE /* See feature_test_macros(7) */
#include <sched.h>
int sched_setaffinity(pid_t pid, size_t cpusetsize,
const cpu_set_t *mask);
int sched_getaffinity(pid_t pid, size_t cpusetsize,
cpu_set_t *mask);
A thread's CPU affinity mask determines the set of CPUs on which it
is eligible to run. On a multiprocessor system, setting the CPU
affinity mask can be used to obtain performance benefits. For
example, by dedicating one CPU to a particular thread (i.e., setting
the affinity mask of that thread to specify a single CPU, and setting
the affinity mask of all other threads to exclude that CPU), it is
possible to ensure maximum execution speed for that thread.
Restricting a thread to run on a single CPU also avoids the
performance cost caused by the cache invalidation that occurs when a
thread ceases to execute on one CPU and then recommences execution on
a different CPU.
A CPU affinity mask is represented by the cpu_set_t structure, a "CPU
set", pointed to by mask. A set of macros for manipulating CPU sets
is described in CPU_SET(3).
sched_setaffinity() sets the CPU affinity mask of the thread whose ID
is pid to the value specified by mask. If pid is zero, then the
calling thread is used. The argument cpusetsize is the length (in
bytes) of the data pointed to by mask. Normally this argument would
be specified as sizeof(cpu_set_t).
If the thread specified by pid is not currently running on one of the
CPUs specified in mask, then that thread is migrated to one of the
CPUs specified in mask.
sched_getaffinity() writes the affinity mask of the thread whose ID
is pid into the cpu_set_t structure pointed to by mask. The
cpusetsize argument specifies the size (in bytes) of mask. If pid is
zero, then the mask of the calling thread is returned.
On success, sched_setaffinity() and sched_getaffinity() return 0. On
error, -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.
EFAULT A supplied memory address was invalid.
EINVAL The affinity bit mask mask contains no processors that are
currently physically on the system and permitted to the thread
according to any restrictions that may be imposed by cpuset
cgroups or the "cpuset" mechanism described in cpuset(7).
EINVAL (sched_getaffinity() and, in kernels before 2.6.9,
sched_setaffinity()) cpusetsize is smaller than the size of
the affinity mask used by the kernel.
EPERM (sched_setaffinity()) The calling thread does not have
appropriate privileges. The caller needs an effective user ID
equal to the real user ID or effective user ID of the thread
identified by pid, or it must possess the CAP_SYS_NICE
capability in the user namespace of the thread pid.
ESRCH The thread whose ID is pid could not be found.
The CPU affinity system calls were introduced in Linux kernel 2.5.8.
The system call wrappers were introduced in glibc 2.3. Initially,
the glibc interfaces included a cpusetsize argument, typed as
unsigned int. In glibc 2.3.3, the cpusetsize argument was removed,
but was then restored in glibc 2.3.4, with type size_t.
These system calls are Linux-specific.
After a call to sched_setaffinity(), the set of CPUs on which the
thread will actually run is the intersection of the set specified in
the mask argument and the set of CPUs actually present on the system.
The system may further restrict the set of CPUs on which the thread
runs if the "cpuset" mechanism described in cpuset(7) is being used.
These restrictions on the actual set of CPUs on which the thread will
run are silently imposed by the kernel.
There are various ways of determining the number of CPUs available on
the system, including: inspecting the contents of /proc/cpuinfo;
using sysconf(3) to obtain the values of the _SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF and
_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN parameters; and inspecting the list of CPU
directories under /sys/devices/system/cpu/.
sched(7) has a description of the Linux scheduling scheme.
The affinity mask is a per-thread attribute that can be adjusted
independently for each of the threads in a thread group. The value
returned from a call to gettid(2) can be passed in the argument pid.
Specifying pid as 0 will set the attribute for the calling thread,
and passing the value returned from a call to getpid(2) will set the
attribute for the main thread of the thread group. (If you are using
the POSIX threads API, then use pthread_setaffinity_np(3) instead of
sched_setaffinity().)
The isolcpus boot option can be used to isolate one or more CPUs at
boot time, so that no processes are scheduled onto those CPUs.
Following the use of this boot option, the only way to schedule
processes onto the isolated CPUs is via sched_setaffinity() or the
cpuset(7) mechanism. For further information, see the kernel source
file Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt. As noted in
that file, isolcpus is the preferred mechanism of isolating CPUs
(versus the alternative of manually setting the CPU affinity of all
processes on the system).
A child created via fork(2) inherits its parent's CPU affinity mask.
The affinity mask is preserved across an execve(2).
C library/kernel differences
This manual page describes the glibc interface for the CPU affinity
calls. The actual system call interface is slightly different, with
the mask being typed as unsigned long *, reflecting the fact that the
underlying implementation of CPU sets is a simple bit mask. On
success, the raw sched_getaffinity() system call returns the size (in
bytes) of the cpumask_t data type that is used internally by the
kernel to represent the CPU set bit mask.
Handling systems with large CPU affinity masks
The underlying system calls (which represent CPU masks as bit masks
of type unsigned long *) impose no restriction on the size of the CPU
mask. However, the cpu_set_t data type used by glibc has a fixed
size of 128 bytes, meaning that the maximum CPU number that can be
represented is 1023. If the kernel CPU affinity mask is larger than
1024, then calls of the form:
sched_getaffinity(pid, sizeof(cpu_set_t), &mask);
will fail with the error EINVAL, the error produced by the underlying
system call for the case where the mask size specified in cpusetsize
is smaller than the size of the affinity mask used by the kernel.
(Depending on the system CPU topology, the kernel affinity mask can
be substantially larger than the number of active CPUs in the
system.)
When working on systems with large kernel CPU affinity masks, one
must dynamically allocate the mask argument (see CPU_ALLOC(3)).
Currently, the only way to do this is by probing for the size of the
required mask using sched_getaffinity() calls with increasing mask
sizes (until the call does not fail with the error EINVAL).
Be aware that CPU_ALLOC(3) may allocate a slightly larger CPU set
than requested (because CPU sets are implemented as bit masks
allocated in units of sizeof(long)). Consequently,
sched_getaffinity() can set bits beyond the requested allocation
size, because the kernel sees a few additional bits. Therefore, the
caller should iterate over the bits in the returned set, counting
those which are set, and stop upon reaching the value returned by
CPU_COUNT(3) (rather than iterating over the number of bits requested
to be allocated).
The program below creates a child process. The parent and child then
each assign themselves to a specified CPU and execute identical loops
that consume some CPU time. Before terminating, the parent waits for
the child to complete. The program takes three command-line
arguments: the CPU number for the parent, the CPU number for the
child, and the number of loop iterations that both processes should
perform.
As the sample runs below demonstrate, the amount of real and CPU time
consumed when running the program will depend on intra-core caching
effects and whether the processes are using the same CPU.
We first employ lscpu(1) to determine that this (x86) system has two
cores, each with two CPUs:
$ lscpu | grep -i 'core.*:|socket'
Thread(s) per core: 2
Core(s) per socket: 2
Socket(s): 1
We then time the operation of the example program for three cases:
both processes running on the same CPU; both processes running on
different CPUs on the same core; and both processes running on
different CPUs on different cores.
$ time -p ./a.out 0 0 100000000
real 14.75
user 3.02
sys 11.73
$ time -p ./a.out 0 1 100000000
real 11.52
user 3.98
sys 19.06
$ time -p ./a.out 0 3 100000000
real 7.89
user 3.29
sys 12.07
Program source
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <sched.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#define errExit(msg) do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
} while (0)
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
cpu_set_t set;
int parentCPU, childCPU;
int nloops, j;
if (argc != 4) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s parent-cpu child-cpu num-loops\n",
argv[0]);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
parentCPU = atoi(argv[1]);
childCPU = atoi(argv[2]);
nloops = atoi(argv[3]);
CPU_ZERO(&set);
switch (fork()) {
case -1: /* Error */
errExit("fork");
case 0: /* Child */
CPU_SET(childCPU, &set);
if (sched_setaffinity(getpid(), sizeof(set), &set) == -1)
errExit("sched_setaffinity");
for (j = 0; j < nloops; j++)
getppid();
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
default: /* Parent */
CPU_SET(parentCPU, &set);
if (sched_setaffinity(getpid(), sizeof(set), &set) == -1)
errExit("sched_setaffinity");
for (j = 0; j < nloops; j++)
getppid();
wait(NULL); /* Wait for child to terminate */
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
}
lscpu(1), nproc(1), taskset(1), clone(2), getcpu(2), getpriority(2),
gettid(2), nice(2), sched_get_priority_max(2),
sched_get_priority_min(2), sched_getscheduler(2),
sched_setscheduler(2), setpriority(2), CPU_SET(3), get_nprocs(3),
pthread_setaffinity_np(3), sched_getcpu(3), capabilities(7),
cpuset(7), sched(7)
This page is part of release 4.12 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
latest version of this page, can be found at
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Linux 2017-05-03 SCHED_SETAFFINITY(2)
Pages that refer to this page: taskset(1), getcpu(2), gettid(2), sched_get_priority_max(2), sched_setattr(2), sched_setparam(2), sched_setscheduler(2), syscalls(2), CPU_SET(3), numa(3), pthread_attr_setaffinity_np(3), pthread_create(3), pthread_setaffinity_np(3), systemd.exec(5), capabilities(7), cpuset(7), credentials(7), pthreads(7), sched(7), migratepages(8), numactl(8)