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NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | ENVIRONMENT | SEE ALSO | COPYRIGHT | COLOPHON |
CPP(1) GNU CPP(1)
cpp - The C Preprocessor
cpp [-Dmacro[=defn]...] [-Umacro]
[-Idir...] [-iquotedir...]
[-M|-MM] [-MG] [-MF filename]
[-MP] [-MQ target...]
[-MT target...]
infile [[-o] outfile]
Only the most useful options are given above; see below for a more
complete list of preprocessor-specific options. In addition, cpp
accepts most gcc driver options, which are not listed here. Refer to
the GCC documentation for details.
The C preprocessor, often known as cpp, is a macro processor that is
used automatically by the C compiler to transform your program before
compilation. It is called a macro processor because it allows you to
define macros, which are brief abbreviations for longer constructs.
The C preprocessor is intended to be used only with C, C++, and
Objective-C source code. In the past, it has been abused as a
general text processor. It will choke on input which does not obey
C's lexical rules. For example, apostrophes will be interpreted as
the beginning of character constants, and cause errors. Also, you
cannot rely on it preserving characteristics of the input which are
not significant to C-family languages. If a Makefile is
preprocessed, all the hard tabs will be removed, and the Makefile
will not work.
Having said that, you can often get away with using cpp on things
which are not C. Other Algol-ish programming languages are often
safe (Pascal, Ada, etc.) So is assembly, with caution.
-traditional-cpp mode preserves more white space, and is otherwise
more permissive. Many of the problems can be avoided by writing C or
C++ style comments instead of native language comments, and keeping
macros simple.
Wherever possible, you should use a preprocessor geared to the
language you are writing in. Modern versions of the GNU assembler
have macro facilities. Most high level programming languages have
their own conditional compilation and inclusion mechanism. If all
else fails, try a true general text processor, such as GNU M4.
C preprocessors vary in some details. This manual discusses the GNU
C preprocessor, which provides a small superset of the features of
ISO Standard C. In its default mode, the GNU C preprocessor does not
do a few things required by the standard. These are features which
are rarely, if ever, used, and may cause surprising changes to the
meaning of a program which does not expect them. To get strict ISO
Standard C, you should use the -std=c90, -std=c99 or -std=c11
options, depending on which version of the standard you want. To get
all the mandatory diagnostics, you must also use -pedantic.
This manual describes the behavior of the ISO preprocessor. To
minimize gratuitous differences, where the ISO preprocessor's
behavior does not conflict with traditional semantics, the
traditional preprocessor should behave the same way. The various
differences that do exist are detailed in the section Traditional
Mode.
For clarity, unless noted otherwise, references to CPP in this manual
refer to GNU CPP.
The cpp command expects two file names as arguments, infile and
outfile. The preprocessor reads infile together with any other files
it specifies with #include. All the output generated by the combined
input files is written in outfile.
Either infile or outfile may be -, which as infile means to read from
standard input and as outfile means to write to standard output. If
either file is omitted, it means the same as if - had been specified
for that file. You can also use the -o outfile option to specify the
output file.
Unless otherwise noted, or the option ends in =, all options which
take an argument may have that argument appear either immediately
after the option, or with a space between option and argument: -Ifoo
and -I foo have the same effect.
Many options have multi-letter names; therefore multiple single-
letter options may not be grouped: -dM is very different from -d -M.
-D name
Predefine name as a macro, with definition 1.
-D name=definition
The contents of definition are tokenized and processed as if they
appeared during translation phase three in a #define directive.
In particular, the definition is truncated by embedded newline
characters.
If you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like
program you may need to use the shell's quoting syntax to protect
characters such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell
syntax.
If you wish to define a function-like macro on the command line,
write its argument list with surrounding parentheses before the
equals sign (if any). Parentheses are meaningful to most shells,
so you should quote the option. With sh and csh,
-D'name(args...)=definition' works.
-D and -U options are processed in the order they are given on
the command line. All -imacros file and -include file options
are processed after all -D and -U options.
-U name
Cancel any previous definition of name, either built in or
provided with a -D option.
-include file
Process file as if "#include "file"" appeared as the first line
of the primary source file. However, the first directory
searched for file is the preprocessor's working directory instead
of the directory containing the main source file. If not found
there, it is searched for in the remainder of the "#include
"..."" search chain as normal.
If multiple -include options are given, the files are included in
the order they appear on the command line.
-imacros file
Exactly like -include, except that any output produced by
scanning file is thrown away. Macros it defines remain defined.
This allows you to acquire all the macros from a header without
also processing its declarations.
All files specified by -imacros are processed before all files
specified by -include.
-undef
Do not predefine any system-specific or GCC-specific macros. The
standard predefined macros remain defined.
-pthread
Define additional macros required for using the POSIX threads
library. You should use this option consistently for both
compilation and linking. This option is supported on GNU/Linux
targets, most other Unix derivatives, and also on x86 Cygwin and
MinGW targets.
-M Instead of outputting the result of preprocessing, output a rule
suitable for make describing the dependencies of the main source
file. The preprocessor outputs one make rule containing the
object file name for that source file, a colon, and the names of
all the included files, including those coming from -include or
-imacros command-line options.
Unless specified explicitly (with -MT or -MQ), the object file
name consists of the name of the source file with any suffix
replaced with object file suffix and with any leading directory
parts removed. If there are many included files then the rule is
split into several lines using \-newline. The rule has no
commands.
This option does not suppress the preprocessor's debug output,
such as -dM. To avoid mixing such debug output with the
dependency rules you should explicitly specify the dependency
output file with -MF, or use an environment variable like
DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT. Debug output is still sent to the regular
output stream as normal.
Passing -M to the driver implies -E, and suppresses warnings with
an implicit -w.
-MM Like -M but do not mention header files that are found in system
header directories, nor header files that are included, directly
or indirectly, from such a header.
This implies that the choice of angle brackets or double quotes
in an #include directive does not in itself determine whether
that header appears in -MM dependency output.
-MF file
When used with -M or -MM, specifies a file to write the
dependencies to. If no -MF switch is given the preprocessor
sends the rules to the same place it would send preprocessed
output.
When used with the driver options -MD or -MMD, -MF overrides the
default dependency output file.
-MG In conjunction with an option such as -M requesting dependency
generation, -MG assumes missing header files are generated files
and adds them to the dependency list without raising an error.
The dependency filename is taken directly from the "#include"
directive without prepending any path. -MG also suppresses
preprocessed output, as a missing header file renders this
useless.
This feature is used in automatic updating of makefiles.
-MP This option instructs CPP to add a phony target for each
dependency other than the main file, causing each to depend on
nothing. These dummy rules work around errors make gives if you
remove header files without updating the Makefile to match.
This is typical output:
test.o: test.c test.h
test.h:
-MT target
Change the target of the rule emitted by dependency generation.
By default CPP takes the name of the main input file, deletes any
directory components and any file suffix such as .c, and appends
the platform's usual object suffix. The result is the target.
An -MT option sets the target to be exactly the string you
specify. If you want multiple targets, you can specify them as a
single argument to -MT, or use multiple -MT options.
For example, -MT '$(objpfx)foo.o' might give
$(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c
-MQ target
Same as -MT, but it quotes any characters which are special to
Make. -MQ '$(objpfx)foo.o' gives
$$(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c
The default target is automatically quoted, as if it were given
with -MQ.
-MD -MD is equivalent to -M -MF file, except that -E is not implied.
The driver determines file based on whether an -o option is
given. If it is, the driver uses its argument but with a suffix
of .d, otherwise it takes the name of the input file, removes any
directory components and suffix, and applies a .d suffix.
If -MD is used in conjunction with -E, any -o switch is
understood to specify the dependency output file, but if used
without -E, each -o is understood to specify a target object
file.
Since -E is not implied, -MD can be used to generate a dependency
output file as a side-effect of the compilation process.
-MMD
Like -MD except mention only user header files, not system header
files.
-fpreprocessed
Indicate to the preprocessor that the input file has already been
preprocessed. This suppresses things like macro expansion,
trigraph conversion, escaped newline splicing, and processing of
most directives. The preprocessor still recognizes and removes
comments, so that you can pass a file preprocessed with -C to the
compiler without problems. In this mode the integrated
preprocessor is little more than a tokenizer for the front ends.
-fpreprocessed is implicit if the input file has one of the
extensions .i, .ii or .mi. These are the extensions that GCC
uses for preprocessed files created by -save-temps.
-fdirectives-only
When preprocessing, handle directives, but do not expand macros.
The option's behavior depends on the -E and -fpreprocessed
options.
With -E, preprocessing is limited to the handling of directives
such as "#define", "#ifdef", and "#error". Other preprocessor
operations, such as macro expansion and trigraph conversion are
not performed. In addition, the -dD option is implicitly
enabled.
With -fpreprocessed, predefinition of command line and most
builtin macros is disabled. Macros such as "__LINE__", which are
contextually dependent, are handled normally. This enables
compilation of files previously preprocessed with "-E
-fdirectives-only".
With both -E and -fpreprocessed, the rules for -fpreprocessed
take precedence. This enables full preprocessing of files
previously preprocessed with "-E -fdirectives-only".
-fdollars-in-identifiers
Accept $ in identifiers.
-fextended-identifiers
Accept universal character names in identifiers. This option is
enabled by default for C99 (and later C standard versions) and
C++.
-fno-canonical-system-headers
When preprocessing, do not shorten system header paths with
canonicalization.
-ftabstop=width
Set the distance between tab stops. This helps the preprocessor
report correct column numbers in warnings or errors, even if tabs
appear on the line. If the value is less than 1 or greater than
100, the option is ignored. The default is 8.
-ftrack-macro-expansion[=level]
Track locations of tokens across macro expansions. This allows
the compiler to emit diagnostic about the current macro expansion
stack when a compilation error occurs in a macro expansion. Using
this option makes the preprocessor and the compiler consume more
memory. The level parameter can be used to choose the level of
precision of token location tracking thus decreasing the memory
consumption if necessary. Value 0 of level de-activates this
option. Value 1 tracks tokens locations in a degraded mode for
the sake of minimal memory overhead. In this mode all tokens
resulting from the expansion of an argument of a function-like
macro have the same location. Value 2 tracks tokens locations
completely. This value is the most memory hungry. When this
option is given no argument, the default parameter value is 2.
Note that "-ftrack-macro-expansion=2" is activated by default.
-fexec-charset=charset
Set the execution character set, used for string and character
constants. The default is UTF-8. charset can be any encoding
supported by the system's "iconv" library routine.
-fwide-exec-charset=charset
Set the wide execution character set, used for wide string and
character constants. The default is UTF-32 or UTF-16, whichever
corresponds to the width of "wchar_t". As with -fexec-charset,
charset can be any encoding supported by the system's "iconv"
library routine; however, you will have problems with encodings
that do not fit exactly in "wchar_t".
-finput-charset=charset
Set the input character set, used for translation from the
character set of the input file to the source character set used
by GCC. If the locale does not specify, or GCC cannot get this
information from the locale, the default is UTF-8. This can be
overridden by either the locale or this command-line option.
Currently the command-line option takes precedence if there's a
conflict. charset can be any encoding supported by the system's
"iconv" library routine.
-fworking-directory
Enable generation of linemarkers in the preprocessor output that
let the compiler know the current working directory at the time
of preprocessing. When this option is enabled, the preprocessor
emits, after the initial linemarker, a second linemarker with the
current working directory followed by two slashes. GCC uses this
directory, when it's present in the preprocessed input, as the
directory emitted as the current working directory in some
debugging information formats. This option is implicitly enabled
if debugging information is enabled, but this can be inhibited
with the negated form -fno-working-directory. If the -P flag is
present in the command line, this option has no effect, since no
"#line" directives are emitted whatsoever.
-A predicate=answer
Make an assertion with the predicate predicate and answer answer.
This form is preferred to the older form -A predicate(answer),
which is still supported, because it does not use shell special
characters.
-A -predicate=answer
Cancel an assertion with the predicate predicate and answer
answer.
-C Do not discard comments. All comments are passed through to the
output file, except for comments in processed directives, which
are deleted along with the directive.
You should be prepared for side effects when using -C; it causes
the preprocessor to treat comments as tokens in their own right.
For example, comments appearing at the start of what would be a
directive line have the effect of turning that line into an
ordinary source line, since the first token on the line is no
longer a #.
-CC Do not discard comments, including during macro expansion. This
is like -C, except that comments contained within macros are also
passed through to the output file where the macro is expanded.
In addition to the side-effects of the -C option, the -CC option
causes all C++-style comments inside a macro to be converted to
C-style comments. This is to prevent later use of that macro
from inadvertently commenting out the remainder of the source
line.
The -CC option is generally used to support lint comments.
-P Inhibit generation of linemarkers in the output from the
preprocessor. This might be useful when running the preprocessor
on something that is not C code, and will be sent to a program
which might be confused by the linemarkers.
-traditional
-traditional-cpp
Try to imitate the behavior of pre-standard C preprocessors, as
opposed to ISO C preprocessors.
Note that GCC does not otherwise attempt to emulate a pre-
standard C compiler, and these options are only supported with
the -E switch, or when invoking CPP explicitly.
-trigraphs
Support ISO C trigraphs. These are three-character sequences,
all starting with ??, that are defined by ISO C to stand for
single characters. For example, ??/ stands for \, so '??/n' is a
character constant for a newline.
By default, GCC ignores trigraphs, but in standard-conforming
modes it converts them. See the -std and -ansi options.
-remap
Enable special code to work around file systems which only permit
very short file names, such as MS-DOS.
-H Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other
normal activities. Each name is indented to show how deep in the
#include stack it is. Precompiled header files are also printed,
even if they are found to be invalid; an invalid precompiled
header file is printed with ...x and a valid one with ...! .
-dletters
Says to make debugging dumps during compilation as specified by
letters. The flags documented here are those relevant to the
preprocessor. Other letters are interpreted by the compiler
proper, or reserved for future versions of GCC, and so are
silently ignored. If you specify letters whose behavior
conflicts, the result is undefined.
-dM Instead of the normal output, generate a list of #define
directives for all the macros defined during the execution of
the preprocessor, including predefined macros. This gives
you a way of finding out what is predefined in your version
of the preprocessor. Assuming you have no file foo.h, the
command
touch foo.h; cpp -dM foo.h
shows all the predefined macros.
-dD Like -dM except in two respects: it does not include the
predefined macros, and it outputs both the #define directives
and the result of preprocessing. Both kinds of output go to
the standard output file.
-dN Like -dD, but emit only the macro names, not their
expansions.
-dI Output #include directives in addition to the result of
preprocessing.
-dU Like -dD except that only macros that are expanded, or whose
definedness is tested in preprocessor directives, are output;
the output is delayed until the use or test of the macro; and
#undef directives are also output for macros tested but
undefined at the time.
-fdebug-cpp
This option is only useful for debugging GCC. When used from CPP
or with -E, it dumps debugging information about location maps.
Every token in the output is preceded by the dump of the map its
location belongs to.
When used from GCC without -E, this option has no effect.
-I dir
-iquote dir
-isystem dir
-idirafter dir
Add the directory dir to the list of directories to be searched
for header files during preprocessing.
If dir begins with =, then the = is replaced by the sysroot
prefix; see --sysroot and -isysroot.
Directories specified with -iquote apply only to the quote form
of the directive, "#include "file"". Directories specified with
-I, -isystem, or -idirafter apply to lookup for both the
"#include "file"" and "#include <file>" directives.
You can specify any number or combination of these options on the
command line to search for header files in several directories.
The lookup order is as follows:
1. For the quote form of the include directive, the directory of
the current file is searched first.
2. For the quote form of the include directive, the directories
specified by -iquote options are searched in left-to-right
order, as they appear on the command line.
3. Directories specified with -I options are scanned in left-to-
right order.
4. Directories specified with -isystem options are scanned in
left-to-right order.
5. Standard system directories are scanned.
6. Directories specified with -idirafter options are scanned in
left-to-right order.
You can use -I to override a system header file, substituting
your own version, since these directories are searched before the
standard system header file directories. However, you should not
use this option to add directories that contain vendor-supplied
system header files; use -isystem for that.
The -isystem and -idirafter options also mark the directory as a
system directory, so that it gets the same special treatment that
is applied to the standard system directories.
If a standard system include directory, or a directory specified
with -isystem, is also specified with -I, the -I option is
ignored. The directory is still searched but as a system
directory at its normal position in the system include chain.
This is to ensure that GCC's procedure to fix buggy system
headers and the ordering for the "#include_next" directive are
not inadvertently changed. If you really need to change the
search order for system directories, use the -nostdinc and/or
-isystem options.
-I- Split the include path. This option has been deprecated. Please
use -iquote instead for -I directories before the -I- and remove
the -I- option.
Any directories specified with -I options before -I- are searched
only for headers requested with "#include "file""; they are not
searched for "#include <file>". If additional directories are
specified with -I options after the -I-, those directories are
searched for all #include directives.
In addition, -I- inhibits the use of the directory of the current
file directory as the first search directory for
"#include "file"". There is no way to override this effect of
-I-.
-iprefix prefix
Specify prefix as the prefix for subsequent -iwithprefix options.
If the prefix represents a directory, you should include the
final /.
-iwithprefix dir
-iwithprefixbefore dir
Append dir to the prefix specified previously with -iprefix, and
add the resulting directory to the include search path.
-iwithprefixbefore puts it in the same place -I would;
-iwithprefix puts it where -idirafter would.
-isysroot dir
This option is like the --sysroot option, but applies only to
header files (except for Darwin targets, where it applies to both
header files and libraries). See the --sysroot option for more
information.
-imultilib dir
Use dir as a subdirectory of the directory containing target-
specific C++ headers.
-nostdinc
Do not search the standard system directories for header files.
Only the directories explicitly specified with -I, -iquote,
-isystem, and/or -idirafter options (and the directory of the
current file, if appropriate) are searched.
-nostdinc++
Do not search for header files in the C++-specific standard
directories, but do still search the other standard directories.
(This option is used when building the C++ library.)
-Wcomment
-Wcomments
Warn whenever a comment-start sequence /* appears in a /*
comment, or whenever a backslash-newline appears in a // comment.
This warning is enabled by -Wall.
-Wtrigraphs
Warn if any trigraphs are encountered that might change the
meaning of the program. Trigraphs within comments are not warned
about, except those that would form escaped newlines.
This option is implied by -Wall. If -Wall is not given, this
option is still enabled unless trigraphs are enabled. To get
trigraph conversion without warnings, but get the other -Wall
warnings, use -trigraphs -Wall -Wno-trigraphs.
-Wundef
Warn if an undefined identifier is evaluated in an "#if"
directive. Such identifiers are replaced with zero.
-Wexpansion-to-defined
Warn whenever defined is encountered in the expansion of a macro
(including the case where the macro is expanded by an #if
directive). Such usage is not portable. This warning is also
enabled by -Wpedantic and -Wextra.
-Wunused-macros
Warn about macros defined in the main file that are unused. A
macro is used if it is expanded or tested for existence at least
once. The preprocessor also warns if the macro has not been used
at the time it is redefined or undefined.
Built-in macros, macros defined on the command line, and macros
defined in include files are not warned about.
Note: If a macro is actually used, but only used in skipped
conditional blocks, then the preprocessor reports it as unused.
To avoid the warning in such a case, you might improve the scope
of the macro's definition by, for example, moving it into the
first skipped block. Alternatively, you could provide a dummy
use with something like:
#if defined the_macro_causing_the_warning
#endif
-Wno-endif-labels
Do not warn whenever an "#else" or an "#endif" are followed by
text. This sometimes happens in older programs with code of the
form
#if FOO
...
#else FOO
...
#endif FOO
The second and third "FOO" should be in comments. This warning
is on by default.
This section describes the environment variables that affect how CPP
operates. You can use them to specify directories or prefixes to use
when searching for include files, or to control dependency output.
Note that you can also specify places to search using options such as
-I, and control dependency output with options like -M. These take
precedence over environment variables, which in turn take precedence
over the configuration of GCC.
CPATH
C_INCLUDE_PATH
CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH
OBJC_INCLUDE_PATH
Each variable's value is a list of directories separated by a
special character, much like PATH, in which to look for header
files. The special character, "PATH_SEPARATOR", is target-
dependent and determined at GCC build time. For Microsoft
Windows-based targets it is a semicolon, and for almost all other
targets it is a colon.
CPATH specifies a list of directories to be searched as if
specified with -I, but after any paths given with -I options on
the command line. This environment variable is used regardless
of which language is being preprocessed.
The remaining environment variables apply only when preprocessing
the particular language indicated. Each specifies a list of
directories to be searched as if specified with -isystem, but
after any paths given with -isystem options on the command line.
In all these variables, an empty element instructs the compiler
to search its current working directory. Empty elements can
appear at the beginning or end of a path. For instance, if the
value of CPATH is ":/special/include", that has the same effect
as -I. -I/special/include.
DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT
If this variable is set, its value specifies how to output
dependencies for Make based on the non-system header files
processed by the compiler. System header files are ignored in
the dependency output.
The value of DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT can be just a file name, in
which case the Make rules are written to that file, guessing the
target name from the source file name. Or the value can have the
form file target, in which case the rules are written to file
file using target as the target name.
In other words, this environment variable is equivalent to
combining the options -MM and -MF, with an optional -MT switch
too.
SUNPRO_DEPENDENCIES
This variable is the same as DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT (see above),
except that system header files are not ignored, so it implies -M
rather than -MM. However, the dependence on the main input file
is omitted.
SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH
If this variable is set, its value specifies a UNIX timestamp to
be used in replacement of the current date and time in the
"__DATE__" and "__TIME__" macros, so that the embedded timestamps
become reproducible.
The value of SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH must be a UNIX timestamp, defined
as the number of seconds (excluding leap seconds) since 01 Jan
1970 00:00:00 represented in ASCII; identical to the output of
@command{date +%s} on GNU/Linux and other systems that support
the %s extension in the "date" command.
The value should be a known timestamp such as the last
modification time of the source or package and it should be set
by the build process.
gpl(7), gfdl(7), fsf-funding(7), gcc(1), and the Info entries for cpp
and gcc.
Copyright (c) 1987-2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. A copy
of the license is included in the man page gfdl(7). This manual
contains no Invariant Sections. The Front-Cover Texts are (a) (see
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(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:
A GNU Manual
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