const

Constants are block-scoped, much like variables defined using the let statement. The value of a constant cannot change through re-assignment, and it can't be redeclared.

Syntax

const name1 = value1 [, name2 = value2 [, ... [, nameN = valueN]]];
nameN
The constant's name, which can be any legal identifier.
valueN
The constant's value; this can be any legal expression, including a function expression.

Description

This declaration creates a constant whose scope can be either global (on the window object) or local to the block in which it is declared. An initializer for a constant is required; that is, you must specify its value in the same statement in which it's declared (which makes sense, given that it can't be changed later).

The const declaration creates a read-only reference to a value. It does not mean the value it holds is immutable, just that the variable identifier cannot be reassigned. For instance, in the case where the content is an object, this means the object's contents (e.g., its parameters) can be altered.

All the considerations about the "temporal dead zone" apply to both let and const.

A constant cannot share its name with a function or a variable in the same scope.

Examples

The following example demonstrates how constants behave. Try this in your browser console.

// NOTE: Constants can be declared with uppercase or lowercase, but a common
// convention is to use all-uppercase letters.
// define MY_FAV as a constant and give it the value 7
const MY_FAV = 7;
// this will throw an error
MY_FAV = 20;
// will print 7
console.log('my favorite number is: ' + MY_FAV);
// trying to redeclare a constant throws an error
const MY_FAV = 20;
// the name MY_FAV is reserved for constant above, so this will fail too
var MY_FAV = 20;
// this throws an error too
let MY_FAV = 20;
// it's important to note the nature of block scoping
if (MY_FAV === 7) { 
    // this is fine and creates a block scoped MY_FAV variable 
    // (works equally well with let to declare a block scoped non const variable)
    let MY_FAV = 20;
    // MY_FAV is now 20
    console.log('my favorite number is ' + MY_FAV);
    // this gets hoisted into the global context and throws an error
    var MY_FAV = 20;
}
// MY_FAV is still 7
console.log('my favorite number is ' + MY_FAV);
// throws an error, missing initializer in const declaration
const FOO; 
// const also works on objects
const MY_OBJECT = {'key': 'value'};
// Attempting to overwrite the object throws an error
MY_OBJECT = {'OTHER_KEY': 'value'};
// However, object keys are not protected,
// so the following statement is executed without problem
MY_OBJECT.key = 'otherValue'; // Use Object.freeze() to make object immutable
// The same applies to arrays
const MY_ARRAY = [];
// It's possible to push items into the array
MY_ARRAY.push('A'); // ["A"]
// However, assigning a new array to the variable throws an error
MY_ARRAY = ['B']

Specifications

Specification Status Comment
ECMAScript 2015 (6th Edition, ECMA-262)
The definition of 'Let and Const Declarations' in that specification.
Standard Initial definition.
ECMAScript Latest Draft (ECMA-262)
The definition of 'Let and Const Declarations' in that specification.
Living Standard No changes.

Browser compatibility

Feature Chrome Edge Firefox (Gecko) Internet Explorer Opera Safari
Basic support 21 (Yes) 36 (36) 11 12 5.1
Reassignment fails 20 (Yes) 13 (13) 11 ? 10.0
Allowed in sloppy mode 49.0 ? ? ? ? ?
Feature Android Android Webview Edge Firefox Mobile (Gecko) IE Mobile Opera Mobile Safari Mobile Chrome for Android
Basic support No support (Yes) (Yes) ? ? (Yes) ? (Yes)
Reassignment fails No support (Yes) (Yes) ? ? (Yes) 10.0 (Yes)
Allowed in sloppy mode No support 49.0 ? ? ? ? ? 49.0

Compatibility notes

In earlier versions of Firefox & Chrome and as of Safari 5.1.7 and Opera 12.00, if you define a variable with const, you can still change its value later. It is not supported in Internet Explorer 6-10, but is included in Internet Explorer 11.

Firefox-specific notes

See also