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NAME | DESCRIPTION | SEE ALSO | COLOPHON |
LIBC(7) Linux Programmer's Manual LIBC(7)
libc - overview of standard C libraries on Linux
The term "libc" is commonly used as a shorthand for the "standard C
library", a library of standard functions that can be used by all C
programs (and sometimes by programs in other languages). Because of
some history (see below), use of the term "libc" to refer to the
standard C library is somewhat ambiguous on Linux.
glibc
By far the most widely used C library on Linux is the GNU C Library
⟨http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/⟩, often referred to as glibc.
This is the C library that is nowadays used in all major Linux dis‐
tributions. It is also the C library whose details are documented in
the relevant pages of the man-pages project (primarily in Section 3
of the manual). Documentation of glibc is also available in the
glibc manual, available via the command info libc. Release 1.0 of
glibc was made in September 1992. (There were earlier 0.x releases.)
The next major release of glibc was 2.0, at the beginning of 1997.
The pathname /lib/libc.so.6 (or something similar) is normally a sym‐
bolic link that points to the location of the glibc library, and exe‐
cuting this pathname will cause glibc to display various information
about the version installed on your system.
Linux libc
In the early to mid 1990s, there was for a while Linux libc, a fork
of glibc 1.x created by Linux developers who felt that glibc develop‐
ment at the time was not sufficing for the needs of Linux. Often,
this library was referred to (ambiguously) as just "libc". Linux
libc released major versions 2, 3, 4, and 5, as well as many minor
versions of those releases. Linux libc4 was the last version to use
the a.out binary format, and the first version to provide (primitive)
shared library support. Linux libc 5 was the first version to sup‐
port the ELF binary format; this version used the shared library son‐
ame libc.so.5. For a while, Linux libc was the standard C library in
many Linux distributions.
However, notwithstanding the original motivations of the Linux libc
effort, by the time glibc 2.0 was released (in 1997), it was clearly
superior to Linux libc, and all major Linux distributions that had
been using Linux libc soon switched back to glibc. To avoid any con‐
fusion with Linux libc versions, glibc 2.0 and later used the shared
library soname libc.so.6.
Since the switch from Linux libc to glibc 2.0 occurred long ago, man-
pages no longer takes care to document Linux libc details. Neverthe‐
less, the history is visible in vestiges of information about Linux
libc that remain in a few manual pages, in particular, references to
libc4 and libc5.
Other C libraries
There are various other less widely used C libraries for Linux.
These libraries are generally smaller than glibc, both in terms of
features and memory footprint, and often intended for building small
binaries, perhaps targeted at development for embedded Linux systems.
Among such libraries are uClibc ⟨http://www.uclibc.org/⟩, dietlibc
⟨http://www.fefe.de/dietlibc/⟩, and musl libc
⟨http://www.musl-libc.org/⟩. Details of these libraries are covered
by the man-pages project, where they are known.
syscalls(2), getauxval(3), proc(5), feature_test_macros(7),
man-pages(7), standards(7), vdso(7)
This page is part of release 4.12 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
latest version of this page, can be found at
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Linux 2016-12-12 LIBC(7)
Pages that refer to this page: syscalls(2), intro(3), feature_test_macros(7), standards(7)