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GROFF_HDTBL(7) Miscellaneous Information Manual GROFF_HDTBL(7)
groff_hdtbl - groff `hdtbl' macros for generation of tables
The hdtbl macros consist of four base and three optional macros,
controlled by about twenty arguments. The syntax is simple and
similar to the HTML table model and nearly as flexible: You can write
sequences of tokens (macro calls with their arguments and content
data), separated by blanks and beginning with a macro call, into the
same line to get compact and cleanly arrranged input. An advantage
of hdtbl is that the tables are constructed without calling a
preprocessor; this means that groff's full macro capabilities are
available. On the other hand, table processing with hdtbl is much
slower than using the tbl(1) preprocessor. A further advantage is
that the HTML-like syntax of hdtbl will be easily converted to HTML;
this is not implemented yet.
In this and the next section, we present examples to help users
understand the basic workflow of hdtbl. First of all, you must load
the hdtbl.tmac file. As with nearly all other groff macro packages,
there are two possibilities to do so: Either add the line
.mso hdtbl.tmac
to your roff file before using any macros of the hdtbl package, or
add the option
-m hdtbl
to the command line of groff (before the document file which contains
hdtbl macros). Then you can include on or more tables in your docu‐
ment, where each one must be started and ended with the .TBL and .ETB
macros, respectively.
In this man page, we approximate the result of each example in the
tty format to be as generic as possible since hdtbl currently only
supports the PS and PDF output devices.
The simplest well-formed table consists of just single calls to the
four base table macros in the right order. Here we construct a table
with only one cell.
.TBL
.TR
.TD
contents of the table cell
.ETB
A tty representation is
+------------------------------------------------------+
| contents-of-the-table-cell |
+------------------------------------------------------+
Equivalent to the above is the following notation.
.TBL .TR .TD "contents of the table cell" .ETB
By default, the formatted table is inserted into the surrounding text
at the place of its definition. If the vertical space isn't suffi‐
cient, it is placed at the top of the next page. Tables can also be
stored for later insertion.
Using ‘row-number*column-number’ as the data for the table cells, a
table with two rows and two columns can be written as
.TBL cols=2
. TR .TD 1*1 .TD 1*2
. TR .TD 2*1 .TD 2*2
.ETB
A tty representation is
+--------------------------+---------------------------+
| 1*1 | 1*2 |
+--------------------------+---------------------------+
| 2*1 | 2*2 |
+--------------------------+---------------------------+
Here we see a difference to HTML tables: The number of columns must
be explicitly specified using the ‘cols=m’ argument (or indirectly
via the ‘width’ argument, see below).
The contents of a table cell is arbitrary; for example, it can be an‐
other table, without restriction to the nesting depth. A given table
layout can be either constructed with suitably nested tables or with
proper arguments to .TD and .TH, controlling column and row spanning.
Note, however, that this table
.TBL
. TR
. TD
. nop 1*1 1*2
. TR
. TD
. TBL cols=2 border=
. TR
. TD
. nop 2*1
. TD
. nop 2*2
. ETB
.ETB
and this table
.TBL cols=2
. TR
. TD colspan=2
. nop 1*1 1*2
. TR
. TD
. nop 2*1
. TD
. nop 2*2
.ETB
are similar but not identical (the use of .nop is purely cosmetic to
get proper indentation).
The first table looks like
+------------------------------------------------------+
| 1*1 1*2 |
+------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| 2*1 2*2 |
| |
+------------------------------------------------------+
and the second one like
+------------------------------------------------------+
| 1*1 1*2 |
+---------------------------+--------------------------+
| 2*1 | 2*2 |
+---------------------------+--------------------------+
Here the latter table in a more compact form.
.TBL cols=2 .TR ".TD colspan=2" 1*1 1*2
. TR .TD 2*1 .TD 2*2 .ETB
If a macro has one or more arguments (see below), and it is not
starting a line, everything belonging to this macro including the
macro itself must be enclosed in double quotes.
The order of macro calls and other tokens follows the HTML model. In
the following list, valid predecessors and successors of all hdtbl
macros are given, together with the possible arguments.
Macro arguments are separated by blanks. The order of arguments is
arbitrary; they are of the form
key=value
or
key='value1 [value2 [...]]'
with the only exception of the optional argument of the macro .ETB,
which is the string ‘hold’. Another possible form is
"key=value1 [value2 [...]]"
However, this is limited to the case where the macro is the first one
in the line and not already enclosed in double quotes.
Argument values specified below as c are colors predefined by groff
or colors defined by the user with the .defcolor request. Argument
values d are decimal numbers with or without decimal point. Argument
values m are natural numbers. Argument values n are numerical values
with the usual groff scaling indicators. Some of the arguments are
specific to one or two macros, but most of them can be specified with
.TBL, .TR, .TD, and .TH. These common arguments are explained in the
next subsection.
Most of the argument default values can be changed by the user by
setting corresponding default registers or strings, as listed below.
.TBL [args]
Begin a new table.
predecessor: .TD, .TH, .ETB, cell contents
successor: .CPTN, .TR
arguments:
border=[n]
Thickness of the surrounding box border.
‘border=’ (no value) means neither a surrounding
box border nor any horizontal or vertical
separator lines between the table rows and
cells. ‘border=0’ suppresses the surrounding
box border, but still allows separator lines
between cells and rows.
Default: ‘border=.1n’ (register ‘t*b’).
bc=c Border color.
Default: ‘bc=red4’ (string ‘t*bc’).
cols=m Number of table columns. This argument is
necessary if more than one column is in the
table and no ‘width’ arguments are present.
Default: ‘cols=1’ (register ‘t*cols’).
cpd=n Cell padding, i.e., the extra space between the
cell space border and the cell contents.
Default: ‘cpd=.5n’ (register ‘t*cpd’).
csp=n Cell spacing, i.e., the extra space between the
table border or vertical or horizontal lines
between cells and the cellspace.
Default: ‘csp=.5n’ (register ‘t*csp’).
tal=l|c|r
Horizontal alignment of the table, if it is
smaller than the line width. ‘tal=l’: left
alignment. ‘tal=c’: centered alignment.
‘tal=r’: right alignment.
Default: ‘tal=l’ (register ‘t*tal’).
width='w1 [w2 [...]]'
Widths of table cells. w1, w2, ... are either
numbers of type n or natural numbers with the
pseudo-scaling indicator ‘%’, with the meaning
“percent of the actual line length (or column
length for inner tables, respectively)”. If
there are less width values than table columns,
the last width value is used for the remaining
cells. The argument
width='1.5i 10%'
for example indicates that the first column is
1.5 inches wide; the remaining columns take 1/10
of the column length each.
Default: The table width equals the outer line
length or column length; the columns have equal
widths.
height=n
Height of the table. If the table with its
contents is lower than n, the last row is
stretched to this value.
.CPTN [args]
Text of caption.
The (optionally numbered) table caption. .CPTN is optional.
predecessor: .TBL
successor: .TR
arguments:
val=t|b
Vertical alignment of the table caption.
‘val=t’: The caption is placed above the table.
‘val=b’: The caption is placed below the table.
Default: ‘val=t’ (string ‘t*cptn’).
.TR [args]
Begin a new table row.
predecessor: .TBL, .CPTN, .TD, .TH, .ETB, cell contents
successor: .TD, .TH
arguments:
height=n
The height of the row. If a cell in the row is
higher than n this value is ignored; otherwise
the row height is stretched to n.
.TD [args [cell contents]]
Begin a table data cell.
.TH [args [cell contents]]
Begin a table header cell.
Arguments and cell contents can be mixed. The macro .TH is
not really necessary and differs from .TD only in three
default settings, similar to the <TH> and <TD> HTML tags: The
contents of .TH is horizontally and vertically centered and
typeset in boldface.
predecessor: .TR, .TD, .TH, .ETB, cell contents
successor: .TD, .TH, .TR, .ETB, cell contents
arguments:
colspan=m
The width of this cell is the sum of the widths
of the m cells above and below this row.
rowspan=m
The height of this cell is the sum of the
heights of the m cells left and right of this
column.
Remark: Overlapping of column and row spanning,
as in the following table fragment (the
overlapping happens in the second cell in the
second row), is invalid and causes incorrect
results.
.TR .TD 1*1 ".TD 1*2 rowspan=2" .TD 1*3
.TR ".TD 2*1 colspan=2" .TD 2*3
A working example for headers and cells with colspan is
.TBL cols=3
. TR ".TH colspan=2" header1+2 .TH header3
. TR .TD 1*1 .TD 1*2 .TD 1*3
. TR .TD 2*1 ".TD colspan=2" 2*2+3
.ETB
This looks like
+------------------------------+---------------+
| header1+2 | header3 |
+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| 1*1 | 1*2 | 1*3 |
+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| 2*1 | 2*2+3 |
+--------------+-------------------------------+
A working example with rowspan is
.TBL cols=3
. TR
. TD 1*1
. TD rowspan=2 1+2*2
. TD 1*3
.
. TR
. TD 2*1
. TD 2*3
.ETB
which looks like
+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| 1*1 | 1+2*2 | 1*3 |
+--------------+ +---------------+
| 2*1 | | 2*3 |
+--------------+---------------+---------------+
.ETB [hold]
End of the table.
This macro finishes a table. It causes one of the following
actions.
· If the argument ‘hold’ is given, the table is held until it
is freed by calling the macro .t*free, which in turn prints
the table immediately, either at the current position or at
the top of the next page if its height is larger than the
remaining space on the page.
· Otherwise, if the table is higher than the remaining space
on the page, it is printed at the top of the next page.
· If none of the two above constraints hold, the table is
printed immediately at the place of its definition.
predecessor: .TD, .TH, .ETB, cell contents
successor: .TBL, .TR, .TD, .TH, .ETB, cell contents
arguments:
hold Prevent the table from being printed until it is
freed by calling the macro .t*free. This argu‐
ment is ignored for inner (nested) tables.
.t*free [n]
Free the next held table or n held tables. Call this utility
macro to print tables which are held by using the ‘hold’ argu‐
ment of the .ETB macro.
Arguments common to .TBL, .TR, .TD, and .TH
The arguments described in this section can be specified with the
.TBL and .TR macros, but they are eventually passed on to the table
cells. If omitted, the defaults take place, which the user can
change by setting the corresponding default registers or strings, as
documented below. Setting an argument with the .TBL macro has the
same effect as setting it for all rows in the table. Setting an ar‐
gument with a .TR macro has the same effect as setting it for all the
.TH or .TD macro in this row.
bgc=[c]
The background color of the table cells. This includes the
area specified with the ‘csp’ argument. The argument ‘bgc=’
(no value) suppresses a background color; this makes the back‐
ground transparent.
Default: ‘bgc=bisque’ (string ‘t*bgc’).
fgc=c The foreground color of the cell contents.
Default: ‘fgc=red4’ (string ‘t*fgc’).
ff=name
The font family for the table. name is one of the groff font
families, for example A for the AvantGarde fonts or HN for
Helvetica-Narrow.
Default: The font family found before the table (string
‘t*ff’).
fst=style
The font style for the table. One of R, I, B, or BI for ro‐
man, bold, italic, or bold italic, respectively. As with
roff's .ft request the ‘fst’ argument can be used to specify
the font family and font style together, for example ‘fst=HN‐
BI’ instead of ‘ff=HN’ and ‘fst=BI’.
Default: The font style in use right before the table (string
‘t*fst’).
fsz='d1 [d2]'
A decimal or fractional factor d1, by which the point size for
the table is changed, and d2, by which the vertical line spac‐
ing is changed. If d2 is omitted, value d1 is taken for both.
Default: ‘fsz='1.0 1.0'’ (string ‘t*fsz’).
hal=l|c|b|r
Horizontal alignment of the cell contents in the table.
‘hal=l’: left alignment. ‘hal=c’: centered alignment.
‘hal=b’: both (left and right) alignment. ‘hal=r’: right
alignment.
Default: ‘hal=b’ (string ‘t*hal’).
val=t|m|b
Vertical alignment of the cell contents in the table for cells
lower than the current row. ‘val=t’: alignment below the top
of the cell. ‘val=m’: alignment in the middle of the cell.
‘val=b’: alignment above the cell bottom.
Default: ‘val=t’ (string ‘t*val’).
hl=[s|d]
Horizontal line between the rows. If specified with .TD or
.TH this is a separator line to the cell below. ‘hl=’ (no
value): no separator line. ‘hl=s’: a single separator line
between the rows. ‘hl=d’: a double separator line.
The thickness of the separator lines is the half of the border
thickness, but at least 0.1 inches. The distance between the
double lines is equal to the line thickness.
Remark: Together with ‘border=0’ for proper formatting the
value of ‘csp’ must be at least .05 inches for single separa‐
tor lines and .15 inches for double separator lines.
Default: ‘hl=s’ (string ‘t*hl’).
vl=[s|d]
Vertical separator line between the cells. If specified with
.TD or .TH this is a separator line to the cell on the right.
‘vl=s’: a single separator line between the cells. ‘vl=d’: a
double separator line. ‘vl=’ (no value): no vertical cell
separator lines. For more information see the documentation
of the ‘hl’ argument above.
Default: ‘vl=s’ (string ‘t*vl’).
Before creating the first table, you should configure default values
to minimize the markup needed in each table. The following example
sets up defaults suitable for typical papers:
.ds t*bgc white\" background color
.ds t*fgc black\" foreground color
.ds t*bc black\" border color
.nr t*cpd 0.1n\" cell padding
The file examples/common.roff provides another example setup in the
``minimal Page setup'' section.
A table which does not fit on a partially filled page is printed
automatically on the top of the next page if you append the little
utility macro t*hm to the page header macro of your document's main
macro package. For example, say
.am pg@top
. t*hm
..
if you use the ms macro package.
The macro t*EM checks for held or kept tables, and for missing ETB
macros (table not closed). You can append this macro to the ``end''
macro of your document's main macro package. For example:
.am pg@end-text
. t*EM
..
If you use the ms macro package.
Please send your commments to the groff mailing list ⟨groff@gnu.org⟩
or directly to the author.
Copyright © 2005-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of groff, the groff.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being this .ig-section and AUTHORS, with no Front-
Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the Free Documentation License is included as a file called
FDL in the main directory of the groff source package.
This document was written by Joachim Walsdorff
⟨Joachim.Walsdorff@urz.uni-heidelberg.de⟩.
This page is part of the groff (GNU troff) project. Information
about the project can be found at
⟨http://www.gnu.org/software/groff/⟩. If you have a bug report for
this manual page, see ⟨http://www.gnu.org/software/groff/⟩. This
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(which is not part of the original manual page), send a mail to
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