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PROLOG | NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | RETURN VALUE | ERRORS | EXAMPLES | APPLICATION USAGE | RATIONALE | FUTURE DIRECTIONS | SEE ALSO | COPYRIGHT |
POW(3P) POSIX Programmer's Manual POW(3P)
This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux
implementation of this interface may differ (consult the
corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or
the interface may not be implemented on Linux.
pow, powf, powl — power function
#include <math.h>
double pow(double x, double y);
float powf(float x, float y);
long double powl(long double x, long double y);
The functionality described on this reference page is aligned with
the ISO C standard. Any conflict between the requirements described
here and the ISO C standard is unintentional. This volume of
POSIX.1‐2008 defers to the ISO C standard.
These functions shall compute the value of x raised to the power y,
xy. If x is negative, the application shall ensure that y is an
integer value.
An application wishing to check for error situations should set errno
to zero and call feclearexcept(FE_ALL_EXCEPT) before calling these
functions. On return, if errno is non-zero or fetestexcept(FE_INVALID
| FE_DIVBYZERO | FE_OVERFLOW | FE_UNDERFLOW) is non-zero, an error
has occurred.
Upon successful completion, these functions shall return the value of
x raised to the power y.
For finite values of x < 0, and finite non-integer values of y, a
domain error shall occur and either a NaN (if representable), or an
implementation-defined value shall be returned.
If the correct value would cause overflow, a range error shall occur
and pow(), powf(), and powl() shall return ±HUGE_VAL, ±HUGE_VALF, and
±HUGE_VALL, respectively, with the same sign as the correct value of
the function.
If the correct value would cause underflow, and is not representable,
a range error may occur, and pow(), powf(), and powl() shall return
0.0, or (if IEC 60559 Floating-Point is not supported) an
implementation-defined value no greater in magnitude than DBL_MIN,
FLT_MIN, and LDBL_MIN, respectively.
For y < 0, if x is zero, a pole error may occur and pow(), powf(),
and powl() shall return ±HUGE_VAL, ±HUGE_VALF, and ±HUGE_VALL,
respectively. On systems that support the IEC 60559 Floating-Point
option, if x is ±0, a pole error shall occur and pow(), powf(), and
powl() shall return ±HUGE_VAL, ±HUGE_VALF, and ±HUGE_VALL,
respectively if y is an odd integer, or HUGE_VAL, HUGE_VALF, and
HUGE_VALL, respectively if y is not an odd integer.
If x or y is a NaN, a NaN shall be returned (unless specified
elsewhere in this description).
For any value of y (including NaN), if x is +1, 1.0 shall be
returned.
For any value of x (including NaN), if y is ±0, 1.0 shall be
returned.
For any odd integer value of y > 0, if x is ±0, ±0 shall be returned.
For y > 0 and not an odd integer, if x is ±0, +0 shall be returned.
If x is −1, and y is ±Inf, 1.0 shall be returned.
For |x| < 1, if y is −Inf, +Inf shall be returned.
For |x| > 1, if y is −Inf, +0 shall be returned.
For |x| < 1, if y is +Inf, +0 shall be returned.
For |x| > 1, if y is +Inf, +Inf shall be returned.
For y an odd integer < 0, if x is −Inf, −0 shall be returned.
For y < 0 and not an odd integer, if x is −Inf, +0 shall be returned.
For y an odd integer > 0, if x is −Inf, −Inf shall be returned.
For y > 0 and not an odd integer, if x is −Inf, +Inf shall be
returned.
For y < 0, if x is +Inf, +0 shall be returned.
For y > 0, if x is +Inf, +Inf shall be returned.
If the correct value would cause underflow, and is representable, a
range error may occur and the correct value shall be returned.
These functions shall fail if:
Domain Error
The value of x is negative and y is a finite non-integer.
If the integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERRNO)
is non-zero, then errno shall be set to [EDOM]. If the
integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERREXCEPT) is
non-zero, then the invalid floating-point exception shall
be raised.
Pole Error The value of x is zero and y is negative.
If the integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERRNO)
is non-zero, then errno shall be set to [ERANGE]. If the
integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERREXCEPT) is
non-zero, then the divide-by-zero floating-point
exception shall be raised.
Range Error The result overflows.
If the integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERRNO)
is non-zero, then errno shall be set to [ERANGE]. If the
integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERREXCEPT) is
non-zero, then the overflow floating-point exception
shall be raised.
These functions may fail if:
Pole Error The value of x is zero and y is negative.
If the integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERRNO)
is non-zero, then errno shall be set to [ERANGE]. If the
integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERREXCEPT) is
non-zero, then the divide-by-zero floating-point
exception shall be raised.
Range Error The result underflows.
If the integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERRNO)
is non-zero, then errno shall be set to [ERANGE]. If the
integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERREXCEPT) is
non-zero, then the underflow floating-point exception
shall be raised.
The following sections are informative.
None.
On error, the expressions (math_errhandling & MATH_ERRNO) and
(math_errhandling & MATH_ERREXCEPT) are independent of each other,
but at least one of them must be non-zero.
None.
None.
exp(3p), feclearexcept(3p), fetestexcept(3p), isnan(3p)
The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 4.19, Treatment
of Error Conditions for Mathematical Functions, math.h(0p)
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition, Standard for Information
Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open
Group Base Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open
Group. (This is POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1
applied.) In the event of any discrepancy between this version and
the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original
Standard can be obtained online at http://www.unix.org/online.html .
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are
most likely to have been introduced during the conversion of the
source files to man page format. To report such errors, see
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .
IEEE/The Open Group 2013 POW(3P)
Pages that refer to this page: math.h(0p), log10(3p)