PCRESYNTAX(3) Library Functions Manual PCRESYNTAX(3)
PCRE - Perl-compatible regular expressions
The full syntax and semantics of the regular expressions that are
supported by PCRE are described in the pcrepattern documentation.
This document contains a quick-reference summary of the syntax.
\x where x is non-alphanumeric is a literal x
\Q...\E treat enclosed characters as literal
\a alarm, that is, the BEL character (hex 07)
\cx "control-x", where x is any ASCII character
\e escape (hex 1B)
\f form feed (hex 0C)
\n newline (hex 0A)
\r carriage return (hex 0D)
\t tab (hex 09)
\0dd character with octal code 0dd
\ddd character with octal code ddd, or backreference
\o{ddd..} character with octal code ddd..
\xhh character with hex code hh
\x{hhh..} character with hex code hhh..
Note that \0dd is always an octal code, and that \8 and \9 are the
literal characters "8" and "9".
. any character except newline;
in dotall mode, any character whatsoever
\C one data unit, even in UTF mode (best avoided)
\d a decimal digit
\D a character that is not a decimal digit
\h a horizontal white space character
\H a character that is not a horizontal white space
character
\N a character that is not a newline
\p{xx} a character with the xx property
\P{xx} a character without the xx property
\R a newline sequence
\s a white space character
\S a character that is not a white space character
\v a vertical white space character
\V a character that is not a vertical white space character
\w a "word" character
\W a "non-word" character
\X a Unicode extended grapheme cluster
By default, \d, \s, and \w match only ASCII characters, even in UTF-8
mode or in the 16- bit and 32-bit libraries. However, if locale-
specific matching is happening, \s and \w may also match characters
with code points in the range 128-255. If the PCRE_UCP option is set,
the behaviour of these escape sequences is changed to use Unicode
properties and they match many more characters.
C Other
Cc Control
Cf Format
Cn Unassigned
Co Private use
Cs Surrogate
L Letter
Ll Lower case letter
Lm Modifier letter
Lo Other letter
Lt Title case letter
Lu Upper case letter
L& Ll, Lu, or Lt
M Mark
Mc Spacing mark
Me Enclosing mark
Mn Non-spacing mark
N Number
Nd Decimal number
Nl Letter number
No Other number
P Punctuation
Pc Connector punctuation
Pd Dash punctuation
Pe Close punctuation
Pf Final punctuation
Pi Initial punctuation
Po Other punctuation
Ps Open punctuation
S Symbol
Sc Currency symbol
Sk Modifier symbol
Sm Mathematical symbol
So Other symbol
Z Separator
Zl Line separator
Zp Paragraph separator
Zs Space separator
Xan Alphanumeric: union of properties L and N
Xps POSIX space: property Z or tab, NL, VT, FF, CR
Xsp Perl space: property Z or tab, NL, VT, FF, CR
Xuc Univerally-named character: one that can be
represented by a Universal Character Name
Xwd Perl word: property Xan or underscore
Perl and POSIX space are now the same. Perl added VT to its space
character set at release 5.18 and PCRE changed at release 8.34.
Arabic, Armenian, Avestan, Balinese, Bamum, Bassa_Vah, Batak,
Bengali, Bopomofo, Brahmi, Braille, Buginese, Buhid,
Canadian_Aboriginal, Carian, Caucasian_Albanian, Chakma, Cham,
Cherokee, Common, Coptic, Cuneiform, Cypriot, Cyrillic, Deseret,
Devanagari, Duployan, Egyptian_Hieroglyphs, Elbasan, Ethiopic,
Georgian, Glagolitic, Gothic, Grantha, Greek, Gujarati, Gurmukhi,
Han, Hangul, Hanunoo, Hebrew, Hiragana, Imperial_Aramaic, Inherited,
Inscriptional_Pahlavi, Inscriptional_Parthian, Javanese, Kaithi,
Kannada, Katakana, Kayah_Li, Kharoshthi, Khmer, Khojki, Khudawadi,
Lao, Latin, Lepcha, Limbu, Linear_A, Linear_B, Lisu, Lycian, Lydian,
Mahajani, Malayalam, Mandaic, Manichaean, Meetei_Mayek,
Mende_Kikakui, Meroitic_Cursive, Meroitic_Hieroglyphs, Miao, Modi,
Mongolian, Mro, Myanmar, Nabataean, New_Tai_Lue, Nko, Ogham,
Ol_Chiki, Old_Italic, Old_North_Arabian, Old_Permic, Old_Persian,
Old_South_Arabian, Old_Turkic, Oriya, Osmanya, Pahawh_Hmong,
Palmyrene, Pau_Cin_Hau, Phags_Pa, Phoenician, Psalter_Pahlavi,
Rejang, Runic, Samaritan, Saurashtra, Sharada, Shavian, Siddham,
Sinhala, Sora_Sompeng, Sundanese, Syloti_Nagri, Syriac, Tagalog,
Tagbanwa, Tai_Le, Tai_Tham, Tai_Viet, Takri, Tamil, Telugu, Thaana,
Thai, Tibetan, Tifinagh, Tirhuta, Ugaritic, Vai, Warang_Citi, Yi.
[...] positive character class
[^...] negative character class
[x-y] range (can be used for hex characters)
[[:xxx:]] positive POSIX named set
[[:^xxx:]] negative POSIX named set
alnum alphanumeric
alpha alphabetic
ascii 0-127
blank space or tab
cntrl control character
digit decimal digit
graph printing, excluding space
lower lower case letter
print printing, including space
punct printing, excluding alphanumeric
space white space
upper upper case letter
word same as \w
xdigit hexadecimal digit
In PCRE, POSIX character set names recognize only ASCII characters by
default, but some of them use Unicode properties if PCRE_UCP is set.
You can use \Q...\E inside a character class.
? 0 or 1, greedy
?+ 0 or 1, possessive
?? 0 or 1, lazy
* 0 or more, greedy
*+ 0 or more, possessive
*? 0 or more, lazy
+ 1 or more, greedy
++ 1 or more, possessive
+? 1 or more, lazy
{n} exactly n
{n,m} at least n, no more than m, greedy
{n,m}+ at least n, no more than m, possessive
{n,m}? at least n, no more than m, lazy
{n,} n or more, greedy
{n,}+ n or more, possessive
{n,}? n or more, lazy
\b word boundary
\B not a word boundary
^ start of subject
also after internal newline in multiline mode
\A start of subject
$ end of subject
also before newline at end of subject
also before internal newline in multiline mode
\Z end of subject
also before newline at end of subject
\z end of subject
\G first matching position in subject
\K reset start of match
\K is honoured in positive assertions, but ignored in negative ones.
expr|expr|expr...
(...) capturing group
(?<name>...) named capturing group (Perl)
(?'name'...) named capturing group (Perl)
(?P<name>...) named capturing group (Python)
(?:...) non-capturing group
(?|...) non-capturing group; reset group numbers for
capturing groups in each alternative
(?>...) atomic, non-capturing group
(?#....) comment (not nestable)
(?i) caseless
(?J) allow duplicate names
(?m) multiline
(?s) single line (dotall)
(?U) default ungreedy (lazy)
(?x) extended (ignore white space)
(?-...) unset option(s)
The following are recognized only at the very start of a pattern or
after one of the newline or \R options with similar syntax. More than
one of them may appear.
(*LIMIT_MATCH=d) set the match limit to d (decimal number)
(*LIMIT_RECURSION=d) set the recursion limit to d (decimal number)
(*NO_AUTO_POSSESS) no auto-possessification (PCRE_NO_AUTO_POSSESS)
(*NO_START_OPT) no start-match optimization
(PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE)
(*UTF8) set UTF-8 mode: 8-bit library (PCRE_UTF8)
(*UTF16) set UTF-16 mode: 16-bit library (PCRE_UTF16)
(*UTF32) set UTF-32 mode: 32-bit library (PCRE_UTF32)
(*UTF) set appropriate UTF mode for the library in use
(*UCP) set PCRE_UCP (use Unicode properties for \d etc)
Note that LIMIT_MATCH and LIMIT_RECURSION can only reduce the value
of the limits set by the caller of pcre_exec(), not increase them.
These are recognized only at the very start of the pattern or after
option settings with a similar syntax.
(*CR) carriage return only
(*LF) linefeed only
(*CRLF) carriage return followed by linefeed
(*ANYCRLF) all three of the above
(*ANY) any Unicode newline sequence
These are recognized only at the very start of the pattern or after
option setting with a similar syntax.
(*BSR_ANYCRLF) CR, LF, or CRLF
(*BSR_UNICODE) any Unicode newline sequence
(?=...) positive look ahead
(?!...) negative look ahead
(?<=...) positive look behind
(?<!...) negative look behind
Each top-level branch of a look behind must be of a fixed length.
\n reference by number (can be ambiguous)
\gn reference by number
\g{n} reference by number
\g{-n} relative reference by number
\k<name> reference by name (Perl)
\k'name' reference by name (Perl)
\g{name} reference by name (Perl)
\k{name} reference by name (.NET)
(?P=name) reference by name (Python)
(?R) recurse whole pattern
(?n) call subpattern by absolute number
(?+n) call subpattern by relative number
(?-n) call subpattern by relative number
(?&name) call subpattern by name (Perl)
(?P>name) call subpattern by name (Python)
\g<name> call subpattern by name (Oniguruma)
\g'name' call subpattern by name (Oniguruma)
\g<n> call subpattern by absolute number (Oniguruma)
\g'n' call subpattern by absolute number (Oniguruma)
\g<+n> call subpattern by relative number (PCRE extension)
\g'+n' call subpattern by relative number (PCRE extension)
\g<-n> call subpattern by relative number (PCRE extension)
\g'-n' call subpattern by relative number (PCRE extension)
(?(condition)yes-pattern)
(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)
(?(n)... absolute reference condition
(?(+n)... relative reference condition
(?(-n)... relative reference condition
(?(<name>)... named reference condition (Perl)
(?('name')... named reference condition (Perl)
(?(name)... named reference condition (PCRE)
(?(R)... overall recursion condition
(?(Rn)... specific group recursion condition
(?(R&name)... specific recursion condition
(?(DEFINE)... define subpattern for reference
(?(assert)... assertion condition
The following act immediately they are reached:
(*ACCEPT) force successful match
(*FAIL) force backtrack; synonym (*F)
(*MARK:NAME) set name to be passed back; synonym (*:NAME)
The following act only when a subsequent match failure causes a
backtrack to reach them. They all force a match failure, but they
differ in what happens afterwards. Those that advance the start-of-
match point do so only if the pattern is not anchored.
(*COMMIT) overall failure, no advance of starting point
(*PRUNE) advance to next starting character
(*PRUNE:NAME) equivalent to (*MARK:NAME)(*PRUNE)
(*SKIP) advance to current matching position
(*SKIP:NAME) advance to position corresponding to an earlier
(*MARK:NAME); if not found, the (*SKIP) is ignored
(*THEN) local failure, backtrack to next alternation
(*THEN:NAME) equivalent to (*MARK:NAME)(*THEN)
(?C) callout
(?Cn) callout with data n
pcrepattern(3), pcreapi(3), pcrecallout(3), pcrematching(3), pcre(3).
Philip Hazel
University Computing Service
Cambridge CB2 3QH, England.
Last updated: 08 January 2014
Copyright (c) 1997-2014 University of Cambridge.
This page is part of the PCRE (Perl Compatible Regular Expressions)
project. Information about the project can be found at
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PCRE 8.35 08 January 2014 PCRESYNTAX(3)
Pages that refer to this page: pcregrep(1), pcrepattern(3)