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NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | CONFORMING TO | NOTES | EXAMPLE | SEE ALSO | COLOPHON |
END(3) Linux Programmer's Manual END(3)
etext, edata, end - end of program segments
extern etext;
extern edata;
extern end;
The addresses of these symbols indicate the end of various program
segments:
etext This is the first address past the end of the text segment
(the program code).
edata This is the first address past the end of the initialized data
segment.
end This is the first address past the end of the uninitialized
data segment (also known as the BSS segment).
Although these symbols have long been provided on most UNIX systems,
they are not standardized; use with caution.
The program must explicitly declare these symbols; they are not
defined in any header file.
On some systems the names of these symbols are preceded by
underscores, thus: _etext, _edata, and _end. These symbols are also
defined for programs compiled on Linux.
At the start of program execution, the program break will be
somewhere near &end (perhaps at the start of the following page).
However, the break will change as memory is allocated via brk(2) or
malloc(3). Use sbrk(2) with an argument of zero to find the current
value of the program break.
When run, the program below produces output such as the following:
$ ./a.out
First address past:
program text (etext) 0x8048568
initialized data (edata) 0x804a01c
uninitialized data (end) 0x804a024
Program source
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
extern char etext, edata, end; /* The symbols must have some type,
or "gcc -Wall" complains */
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
printf("First address past:\n");
printf(" program text (etext) %10p\n", &etext);
printf(" initialized data (edata) %10p\n", &edata);
printf(" uninitialized data (end) %10p\n", &end);
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
objdump(1), readelf(1), sbrk(2), elf(5)
This page is part of release 4.12 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
latest version of this page, can be found at
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
GNU 2008-07-17 END(3)
Pages that refer to this page: brk(2)