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NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | RETURN VALUE | ERRORS | VERSIONS | CONFORMING TO | NOTES | BUGS | SEE ALSO | COLOPHON |
ACCESS(2) Linux Programmer's Manual ACCESS(2)
access, faccessat - check user's permissions for a file
#include <unistd.h>
int access(const char *pathname, int mode);
#include <fcntl.h> /* Definition of AT_* constants */
#include <unistd.h>
int faccessat(int dirfd, const char *pathname, int mode, int flags);
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
faccessat():
Since glibc 2.10:
_POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200809L
Before glibc 2.10:
_ATFILE_SOURCE
access() checks whether the calling process can access the file
pathname. If pathname is a symbolic link, it is dereferenced.
The mode specifies the accessibility check(s) to be performed, and is
either the value F_OK, or a mask consisting of the bitwise OR of one
or more of R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK. F_OK tests for the existence of the
file. R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK test whether the file exists and grants
read, write, and execute permissions, respectively.
The check is done using the calling process's real UID and GID,
rather than the effective IDs as is done when actually attempting an
operation (e.g., open(2)) on the file. Similarly, for the root user,
the check uses the set of permitted capabilities rather than the set
of effective capabilities; and for non-root users, the check uses an
empty set of capabilities.
This allows set-user-ID programs and capability-endowed programs to
easily determine the invoking user's authority. In other words,
access() does not answer the "can I read/write/execute this file?"
question. It answers a slightly different question: "(assuming I'm a
setuid binary) can the user who invoked me read/write/execute this
file?", which gives set-user-ID programs the possibility to prevent
malicious users from causing them to read files which users shouldn't
be able to read.
If the calling process is privileged (i.e., its real UID is zero),
then an X_OK check is successful for a regular file if execute
permission is enabled for any of the file owner, group, or other.
faccessat()
The faccessat() system call operates in exactly the same way as
access(), except for the differences described here.
If the pathname given in pathname is relative, then it is interpreted
relative to the directory referred to by the file descriptor dirfd
(rather than relative to the current working directory of the calling
process, as is done by access() for a relative pathname).
If pathname is relative and dirfd is the special value AT_FDCWD, then
pathname is interpreted relative to the current working directory of
the calling process (like access()).
If pathname is absolute, then dirfd is ignored.
flags is constructed by ORing together zero or more of the following
values:
AT_EACCESS
Perform access checks using the effective user and group IDs.
By default, faccessat() uses the real IDs (like access()).
AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
If pathname is a symbolic link, do not dereference it: instead
return information about the link itself.
See openat(2) for an explanation of the need for faccessat().
On success (all requested permissions granted, or mode is F_OK and
the file exists), zero is returned. On error (at least one bit in
mode asked for a permission that is denied, or mode is F_OK and the
file does not exist, or some other error occurred), -1 is returned,
and errno is set appropriately.
access() and faccessat() shall fail if:
EACCES The requested access would be denied to the file, or search
permission is denied for one of the directories in the path
prefix of pathname. (See also path_resolution(7).)
ELOOP Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving
pathname.
ENAMETOOLONG
pathname is too long.
ENOENT A component of pathname does not exist or is a dangling
symbolic link.
ENOTDIR
A component used as a directory in pathname is not, in fact, a
directory.
EROFS Write permission was requested for a file on a read-only
filesystem.
access() and faccessat() may fail if:
EFAULT pathname points outside your accessible address space.
EINVAL mode was incorrectly specified.
EIO An I/O error occurred.
ENOMEM Insufficient kernel memory was available.
ETXTBSY
Write access was requested to an executable which is being
executed.
The following additional errors can occur for faccessat():
EBADF dirfd is not a valid file descriptor.
EINVAL Invalid flag specified in flags.
ENOTDIR
pathname is relative and dirfd is a file descriptor referring
to a file other than a directory.
faccessat() was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16; library support was
added to glibc in version 2.4.
access(): SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008.
faccessat(): POSIX.1-2008.
Warning: Using these calls to check if a user is authorized to, for
example, open a file before actually doing so using open(2) creates a
security hole, because the user might exploit the short time interval
between checking and opening the file to manipulate it. For this
reason, the use of this system call should be avoided. (In the
example just described, a safer alternative would be to temporarily
switch the process's effective user ID to the real ID and then call
open(2).)
access() always dereferences symbolic links. If you need to check
the permissions on a symbolic link, use faccessat() with the flag
AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW.
These calls return an error if any of the access types in mode is
denied, even if some of the other access types in mode are permitted.
If the calling process has appropriate privileges (i.e., is
superuser), POSIX.1-2001 permits an implementation to indicate
success for an X_OK check even if none of the execute file permission
bits are set. Linux does not do this.
A file is accessible only if the permissions on each of the
directories in the path prefix of pathname grant search (i.e.,
execute) access. If any directory is inaccessible, then the access()
call will fail, regardless of the permissions on the file itself.
Only access bits are checked, not the file type or contents.
Therefore, if a directory is found to be writable, it probably means
that files can be created in the directory, and not that the
directory can be written as a file. Similarly, a DOS file may be
found to be "executable," but the execve(2) call will still fail.
These calls may not work correctly on NFSv2 filesystems with UID
mapping enabled, because UID mapping is done on the server and hidden
from the client, which checks permissions. (NFS versions 3 and
higher perform the check on the server.) Similar problems can occur
to FUSE mounts.
C library/kernel differences
The raw faccessat() system call takes only the first three arguments.
The AT_EACCESS and AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW flags are actually implemented
within the glibc wrapper function for faccessat(). If either of
these flags is specified, then the wrapper function employs
fstatat(2) to determine access permissions.
Glibc notes
On older kernels where faccessat() is unavailable (and when the
AT_EACCESS and AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW flags are not specified), the
glibc wrapper function falls back to the use of access(). When
pathname is a relative pathname, glibc constructs a pathname based on
the symbolic link in /proc/self/fd that corresponds to the dirfd
argument.
In kernel 2.4 (and earlier) there is some strangeness in the handling
of X_OK tests for superuser. If all categories of execute permission
are disabled for a nondirectory file, then the only access() test
that returns -1 is when mode is specified as just X_OK; if R_OK or
W_OK is also specified in mode, then access() returns 0 for such
files. Early 2.6 kernels (up to and including 2.6.3) also behaved in
the same way as kernel 2.4.
In kernels before 2.6.20, these calls ignored the effect of the
MS_NOEXEC flag if it was used to mount(2) the underlying filesystem.
Since kernel 2.6.20, the MS_NOEXEC flag is honored.
chmod(2), chown(2), open(2), setgid(2), setuid(2), stat(2),
euidaccess(3), credentials(7), path_resolution(7), symlink(7)
This page is part of release 4.12 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
latest version of this page, can be found at
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Linux 2016-03-15 ACCESS(2)
Pages that refer to this page: find(1), open(2), stat(2), statx(2), syscalls(2), euidaccess(3), cpuset(7), credentials(7), signal-safety(7), spufs(7), symlink(7), lsof(8)