PCRETEST(1) General Commands Manual PCRETEST(1)
pcretest - a program for testing Perl-compatible regular expressions.
pcretest [options] [input file [output file]]
pcretest was written as a test program for the PCRE regular
expression library itself, but it can also be used for experimenting
with regular expressions. This document describes the features of the
test program; for details of the regular expressions themselves, see
the pcrepattern documentation. For details of the PCRE library
function calls and their options, see the pcreapi , pcre16 and pcre32
documentation.
The input for pcretest is a sequence of regular expression patterns
and strings to be matched, as described below. The output shows the
result of each match. Options on the command line and the patterns
control PCRE options and exactly what is output.
As PCRE has evolved, it has acquired many different features, and as
a result, pcretest now has rather a lot of obscure options for
testing every possible feature. Some of these options are
specifically designed for use in conjunction with the test script and
data files that are distributed as part of PCRE, and are unlikely to
be of use otherwise. They are all documented here, but without much
justification.
Input to pcretest is processed line by line, either by calling the C
library's fgets() function, or via the libreadline library (see
below). In Unix-like environments, fgets() treats any bytes other
than newline as data characters. However, in some Windows
environments character 26 (hex 1A) causes an immediate end of file,
and no further data is read. For maximum portability, therefore, it
is safest to use only ASCII characters in pcretest input files.
From release 8.30, two separate PCRE libraries can be built. The
original one supports 8-bit character strings, whereas the newer
16-bit library supports character strings encoded in 16-bit units.
From release 8.32, a third library can be built, supporting character
strings encoded in 32-bit units. The pcretest program can be used to
test all three libraries. However, it is itself still an 8-bit
program, reading 8-bit input and writing 8-bit output. When testing
the 16-bit or 32-bit library, the patterns and data strings are
converted to 16- or 32-bit format before being passed to the PCRE
library functions. Results are converted to 8-bit for output.
References to functions and structures of the form pcre[16|32]_xx
below mean "pcre_xx when using the 8-bit library, pcre16_xx when
using the 16-bit library, or pcre32_xx when using the 32-bit
library".
-8 If both the 8-bit library has been built, this option
causes the 8-bit library to be used (which is the default);
if the 8-bit library has not been built, this option causes
an error.
-16 If both the 8-bit or the 32-bit, and the 16-bit libraries
have been built, this option causes the 16-bit library to
be used. If only the 16-bit library has been built, this is
the default (so has no effect). If only the 8-bit or the
32-bit library has been built, this option causes an error.
-32 If both the 8-bit or the 16-bit, and the 32-bit libraries
have been built, this option causes the 32-bit library to
be used. If only the 32-bit library has been built, this is
the default (so has no effect). If only the 8-bit or the
16-bit library has been built, this option causes an error.
-b Behave as if each pattern has the /B (show byte code)
modifier; the internal form is output after compilation.
-C Output the version number of the PCRE library, and all
available information about the optional features that are
included, and then exit with zero exit code. All other
options are ignored.
-C option Output information about a specific build-time option, then
exit. This functionality is intended for use in scripts
such as RunTest. The following options output the value and
set the exit code as indicated:
ebcdic-nl the code for LF (= NL) in an EBCDIC
environment:
0x15 or 0x25
0 if used in an ASCII environment
exit code is always 0
linksize the configured internal link size (2, 3, or 4)
exit code is set to the link size
newline the default newline setting:
CR, LF, CRLF, ANYCRLF, or ANY
exit code is always 0
bsr the default setting for what \R matches:
ANYCRLF or ANY
exit code is always 0
The following options output 1 for true or 0 for false, and
set the exit code to the same value:
ebcdic compiled for an EBCDIC environment
jit just-in-time support is available
pcre16 the 16-bit library was built
pcre32 the 32-bit library was built
pcre8 the 8-bit library was built
ucp Unicode property support is available
utf UTF-8 and/or UTF-16 and/or UTF-32 support
is available
If an unknown option is given, an error message is output;
the exit code is 0.
-d Behave as if each pattern has the /D (debug) modifier; the
internal form and information about the compiled pattern is
output after compilation; -d is equivalent to -b -i.
-dfa Behave as if each data line contains the \D escape
sequence; this causes the alternative matching function,
pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec(), to be used instead of the standard
pcre[16|32]_exec() function (more detail is given below).
-help Output a brief summary these options and then exit.
-i Behave as if each pattern has the /I modifier; information
about the compiled pattern is given after compilation.
-M Behave as if each data line contains the \M escape
sequence; this causes PCRE to discover the minimum
MATCH_LIMIT and MATCH_LIMIT_RECURSION settings by calling
pcre[16|32]_exec() repeatedly with different limits.
-m Output the size of each compiled pattern after it has been
compiled. This is equivalent to adding /M to each regular
expression. The size is given in bytes for both libraries.
-O Behave as if each pattern has the /O modifier, that is
disable auto-possessification for all patterns.
-o osize Set the number of elements in the output vector that is
used when calling pcre[16|32]_exec() or
pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec() to be osize. The default value is
45, which is enough for 14 capturing subexpressions for
pcre[16|32]_exec() or 22 different matches for
pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec(). The vector size can be changed for
individual matching calls by including \O in the data line
(see below).
-p Behave as if each pattern has the /P modifier; the POSIX
wrapper API is used to call PCRE. None of the other options
has any effect when -p is set. This option can be used only
with the 8-bit library.
-q Do not output the version number of pcretest at the start
of execution.
-S size On Unix-like systems, set the size of the run-time stack to
size megabytes.
-s or -s+ Behave as if each pattern has the /S modifier; in other
words, force each pattern to be studied. If -s+ is used,
all the JIT compile options are passed to
pcre[16|32]_study(), causing just-in-time optimization to
be set up if it is available, for both full and partial
matching. Specific JIT compile options can be selected by
following -s+ with a digit in the range 1 to 7, which
selects the JIT compile modes as follows:
1 normal match only
2 soft partial match only
3 normal match and soft partial match
4 hard partial match only
6 soft and hard partial match
7 all three modes (default)
If -s++ is used instead of -s+ (with or without a following
digit), the text "(JIT)" is added to the first output line
after a match or no match when JIT-compiled code was
actually used.
Note that there are pattern options that can override -s,
either specifying no studying at all, or suppressing JIT
compilation.
If the /I or /D option is present on a pattern (requesting
output about the compiled pattern), information about the
result of studying is not included when studying is caused
only by -s and neither -i nor -d is present on the command
line. This behaviour means that the output from tests that
are run with and without -s should be identical, except
when options that output information about the actual
running of a match are set.
The -M, -t, and -tm options, which give information about
resources used, are likely to produce different output with
and without -s. Output may also differ if the /C option is
present on an individual pattern. This uses callouts to
trace the the matching process, and this may be different
between studied and non-studied patterns. If the pattern
contains (*MARK) items there may also be differences, for
the same reason. The -s command line option can be
overridden for specific patterns that should never be
studied (see the /S pattern modifier below).
-t Run each compile, study, and match many times with a timer,
and output the resulting times per compile, study, or match
(in milliseconds). Do not set -m with -t, because you will
then get the size output a zillion times, and the timing
will be distorted. You can control the number of iterations
that are used for timing by following -t with a number (as
a separate item on the command line). For example, "-t
1000" iterates 1000 times. The default is to iterate
500000 times.
-tm This is like -t except that it times only the matching
phase, not the compile or study phases.
-T -TM These behave like -t and -tm, but in addition, at the end
of a run, the total times for all compiles, studies, and
matches are output.
If pcretest is given two filename arguments, it reads from the first
and writes to the second. If it is given only one filename argument,
it reads from that file and writes to stdout. Otherwise, it reads
from stdin and writes to stdout, and prompts for each line of input,
using "re>" to prompt for regular expressions, and "data>" to prompt
for data lines.
When pcretest is built, a configuration option can specify that it
should be linked with the libreadline library. When this is done, if
the input is from a terminal, it is read using the readline()
function. This provides line-editing and history facilities. The
output from the -help option states whether or not readline() will be
used.
The program handles any number of sets of input on a single input
file. Each set starts with a regular expression, and continues with
any number of data lines to be matched against that pattern.
Each data line is matched separately and independently. If you want
to do multi-line matches, you have to use the \n escape sequence (or
\r or \r\n, etc., depending on the newline setting) in a single line
of input to encode the newline sequences. There is no limit on the
length of data lines; the input buffer is automatically extended if
it is too small.
An empty line signals the end of the data lines, at which point a new
regular expression is read. The regular expressions are given
enclosed in any non-alphanumeric delimiters other than backslash, for
example:
/(a|bc)x+yz/
White space before the initial delimiter is ignored. A regular
expression may be continued over several input lines, in which case
the newline characters are included within it. It is possible to
include the delimiter within the pattern by escaping it, for example
/abc\/def/
If you do so, the escape and the delimiter form part of the pattern,
but since delimiters are always non-alphanumeric, this does not
affect its interpretation. If the terminating delimiter is
immediately followed by a backslash, for example,
/abc/\
then a backslash is added to the end of the pattern. This is done to
provide a way of testing the error condition that arises if a pattern
finishes with a backslash, because
/abc\/
is interpreted as the first line of a pattern that starts with
"abc/", causing pcretest to read the next line as a continuation of
the regular expression.
A pattern may be followed by any number of modifiers, which are
mostly single characters, though some of these can be qualified by
further characters. Following Perl usage, these are referred to
below as, for example, "the /i modifier", even though the delimiter
of the pattern need not always be a slash, and no slash is used when
writing modifiers. White space may appear between the final pattern
delimiter and the first modifier, and between the modifiers
themselves. For reference, here is a complete list of modifiers. They
fall into several groups that are described in detail in the
following sections.
/8 set UTF mode
/9 set PCRE_NEVER_UTF (locks out UTF mode)
/? disable UTF validity check
/+ show remainder of subject after match
/= show all captures (not just those that are set)
/A set PCRE_ANCHORED
/B show compiled code
/C set PCRE_AUTO_CALLOUT
/D same as /B plus /I
/E set PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY
/F flip byte order in compiled pattern
/f set PCRE_FIRSTLINE
/G find all matches (shorten string)
/g find all matches (use startoffset)
/I show information about pattern
/i set PCRE_CASELESS
/J set PCRE_DUPNAMES
/K show backtracking control names
/L set locale
/M show compiled memory size
/m set PCRE_MULTILINE
/N set PCRE_NO_AUTO_CAPTURE
/O set PCRE_NO_AUTO_POSSESS
/P use the POSIX wrapper
/Q test external stack check function
/S study the pattern after compilation
/s set PCRE_DOTALL
/T select character tables
/U set PCRE_UNGREEDY
/W set PCRE_UCP
/X set PCRE_EXTRA
/x set PCRE_EXTENDED
/Y set PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE
/Z don't show lengths in /B output
/<any> set PCRE_NEWLINE_ANY
/<anycrlf> set PCRE_NEWLINE_ANYCRLF
/<cr> set PCRE_NEWLINE_CR
/<crlf> set PCRE_NEWLINE_CRLF
/<lf> set PCRE_NEWLINE_LF
/<bsr_anycrlf> set PCRE_BSR_ANYCRLF
/<bsr_unicode> set PCRE_BSR_UNICODE
/<JS> set PCRE_JAVASCRIPT_COMPAT
Perl-compatible modifiers
The /i, /m, /s, and /x modifiers set the PCRE_CASELESS,
PCRE_MULTILINE, PCRE_DOTALL, or PCRE_EXTENDED options, respectively,
when pcre[16|32]_compile() is called. These four modifier letters
have the same effect as they do in Perl. For example:
/caseless/i
Modifiers for other PCRE options
The following table shows additional modifiers for setting PCRE
compile-time options that do not correspond to anything in Perl:
/8 PCRE_UTF8 ) when using the 8-bit
/? PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK ) library
/8 PCRE_UTF16 ) when using the 16-bit
/? PCRE_NO_UTF16_CHECK ) library
/8 PCRE_UTF32 ) when using the 32-bit
/? PCRE_NO_UTF32_CHECK ) library
/9 PCRE_NEVER_UTF
/A PCRE_ANCHORED
/C PCRE_AUTO_CALLOUT
/E PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY
/f PCRE_FIRSTLINE
/J PCRE_DUPNAMES
/N PCRE_NO_AUTO_CAPTURE
/O PCRE_NO_AUTO_POSSESS
/U PCRE_UNGREEDY
/W PCRE_UCP
/X PCRE_EXTRA
/Y PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE
/<any> PCRE_NEWLINE_ANY
/<anycrlf> PCRE_NEWLINE_ANYCRLF
/<cr> PCRE_NEWLINE_CR
/<crlf> PCRE_NEWLINE_CRLF
/<lf> PCRE_NEWLINE_LF
/<bsr_anycrlf> PCRE_BSR_ANYCRLF
/<bsr_unicode> PCRE_BSR_UNICODE
/<JS> PCRE_JAVASCRIPT_COMPAT
The modifiers that are enclosed in angle brackets are literal strings
as shown, including the angle brackets, but the letters within can be
in either case. This example sets multiline matching with CRLF as
the line ending sequence:
/^abc/m<CRLF>
As well as turning on the PCRE_UTF8/16/32 option, the /8 modifier
causes all non-printing characters in output strings to be printed
using the \x{hh...} notation. Otherwise, those less than 0x100 are
output in hex without the curly brackets.
Full details of the PCRE options are given in the pcreapi
documentation.
Finding all matches in a string
Searching for all possible matches within each subject string can be
requested by the /g or /G modifier. After finding a match, PCRE is
called again to search the remainder of the subject string. The
difference between /g and /G is that the former uses the startoffset
argument to pcre[16|32]_exec() to start searching at a new point
within the entire string (which is in effect what Perl does), whereas
the latter passes over a shortened substring. This makes a difference
to the matching process if the pattern begins with a lookbehind
assertion (including \b or \B).
If any call to pcre[16|32]_exec() in a /g or /G sequence matches an
empty string, the next call is done with the PCRE_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART
and PCRE_ANCHORED flags set in order to search for another, non-
empty, match at the same point. If this second match fails, the start
offset is advanced, and the normal match is retried. This imitates
the way Perl handles such cases when using the /g modifier or the
split() function. Normally, the start offset is advanced by one
character, but if the newline convention recognizes CRLF as a
newline, and the current character is CR followed by LF, an advance
of two is used.
Other modifiers
There are yet more modifiers for controlling the way pcretest
operates.
The /+ modifier requests that as well as outputting the substring
that matched the entire pattern, pcretest should in addition output
the remainder of the subject string. This is useful for tests where
the subject contains multiple copies of the same substring. If the +
modifier appears twice, the same action is taken for captured
substrings. In each case the remainder is output on the following
line with a plus character following the capture number. Note that
this modifier must not immediately follow the /S modifier because /S+
and /S++ have other meanings.
The /= modifier requests that the values of all potential captured
parentheses be output after a match. By default, only those up to the
highest one actually used in the match are output (corresponding to
the return code from pcre[16|32]_exec()). Values in the offsets
vector corresponding to higher numbers should be set to -1, and these
are output as "<unset>". This modifier gives a way of checking that
this is happening.
The /B modifier is a debugging feature. It requests that pcretest
output a representation of the compiled code after compilation.
Normally this information contains length and offset values; however,
if /Z is also present, this data is replaced by spaces. This is a
special feature for use in the automatic test scripts; it ensures
that the same output is generated for different internal link sizes.
The /D modifier is a PCRE debugging feature, and is equivalent to
/BI, that is, both the /B and the /I modifiers.
The /F modifier causes pcretest to flip the byte order of the 2-byte
and 4-byte fields in the compiled pattern. This facility is for
testing the feature in PCRE that allows it to execute patterns that
were compiled on a host with a different endianness. This feature is
not available when the POSIX interface to PCRE is being used, that
is, when the /P pattern modifier is specified. See also the section
about saving and reloading compiled patterns below.
The /I modifier requests that pcretest output information about the
compiled pattern (whether it is anchored, has a fixed first
character, and so on). It does this by calling pcre[16|32]_fullinfo()
after compiling a pattern. If the pattern is studied, the results of
that are also output. In this output, the word "char" means a non-UTF
character, that is, the value of a single data item (8-bit, 16-bit,
or 32-bit, depending on the library that is being tested).
The /K modifier requests pcretest to show names from backtracking
control verbs that are returned from calls to pcre[16|32]_exec(). It
causes pcretest to create a pcre[16|32]_extra block if one has not
already been created by a call to pcre[16|32]_study(), and to set the
PCRE_EXTRA_MARK flag and the mark field within it, every time that
pcre[16|32]_exec() is called. If the variable that the mark field
points to is non-NULL for a match, non-match, or partial match,
pcretest prints the string to which it points. For a match, this is
shown on a line by itself, tagged with "MK:". For a non-match it is
added to the message.
The /L modifier must be followed directly by the name of a locale,
for example,
/pattern/Lfr_FR
For this reason, it must be the last modifier. The given locale is
set, pcre[16|32]_maketables() is called to build a set of character
tables for the locale, and this is then passed to
pcre[16|32]_compile() when compiling the regular expression. Without
an /L (or /T) modifier, NULL is passed as the tables pointer; that
is, /L applies only to the expression on which it appears.
The /M modifier causes the size in bytes of the memory block used to
hold the compiled pattern to be output. This does not include the
size of the pcre[16|32] block; it is just the actual compiled data.
If the pattern is successfully studied with the
PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE option, the size of the JIT compiled code is
also output.
The /Q modifier is used to test the use of pcre_stack_guard. It must
be followed by '0' or '1', specifying the return code to be given
from an external function that is passed to PCRE and used for stack
checking during compilation (see the pcreapi documentation for
details).
The /S modifier causes pcre[16|32]_study() to be called after the
expression has been compiled, and the results used when the
expression is matched. There are a number of qualifying characters
that may follow /S. They may appear in any order.
If /S is followed by an exclamation mark, pcre[16|32]_study() is
called with the PCRE_STUDY_EXTRA_NEEDED option, causing it always to
return a pcre_extra block, even when studying discovers no useful
information.
If /S is followed by a second S character, it suppresses studying,
even if it was requested externally by the -s command line option.
This makes it possible to specify that certain patterns are always
studied, and others are never studied, independently of -s. This
feature is used in the test files in a few cases where the output is
different when the pattern is studied.
If the /S modifier is followed by a + character, the call to
pcre[16|32]_study() is made with all the JIT study options,
requesting just-in-time optimization support if it is available, for
both normal and partial matching. If you want to restrict the JIT
compiling modes, you can follow /S+ with a digit in the range 1 to 7:
1 normal match only
2 soft partial match only
3 normal match and soft partial match
4 hard partial match only
6 soft and hard partial match
7 all three modes (default)
If /S++ is used instead of /S+ (with or without a following digit),
the text "(JIT)" is added to the first output line after a match or
no match when JIT-compiled code was actually used.
Note that there is also an independent /+ modifier; it must not be
given immediately after /S or /S+ because this will be
misinterpreted.
If JIT studying is successful, the compiled JIT code will
automatically be used when pcre[16|32]_exec() is run, except when
incompatible run-time options are specified. For more details, see
the pcrejit documentation. See also the \J escape sequence below for
a way of setting the size of the JIT stack.
Finally, if /S is followed by a minus character, JIT compilation is
suppressed, even if it was requested externally by the -s command
line option. This makes it possible to specify that JIT is never to
be used for certain patterns.
The /T modifier must be followed by a single digit. It causes a
specific set of built-in character tables to be passed to
pcre[16|32]_compile(). It is used in the standard PCRE tests to check
behaviour with different character tables. The digit specifies the
tables as follows:
0 the default ASCII tables, as distributed in
pcre_chartables.c.dist
1 a set of tables defining ISO 8859 characters
In table 1, some characters whose codes are greater than 128 are
identified as letters, digits, spaces, etc.
Using the POSIX wrapper API
The /P modifier causes pcretest to call PCRE via the POSIX wrapper
API rather than its native API. This supports only the 8-bit library.
When /P is set, the following modifiers set options for the regcomp()
function:
/i REG_ICASE
/m REG_NEWLINE
/N REG_NOSUB
/s REG_DOTALL )
/U REG_UNGREEDY ) These options are not part of
/W REG_UCP ) the POSIX standard
/8 REG_UTF8 )
The /+ modifier works as described above. All other modifiers are
ignored.
Locking out certain modifiers
PCRE can be compiled with or without support for certain features
such as UTF-8/16/32 or Unicode properties. Accordingly, the standard
tests are split up into a number of different files that are selected
for running depending on which features are available. When updating
the tests, it is all too easy to put a new test into the wrong file
by mistake; for example, to put a test that requires UTF support into
a file that is used when it is not available. To help detect such
mistakes as early as possible, there is a facility for locking out
specific modifiers. If an input line for pcretest starts with the
string "< forbid " the following sequence of characters is taken as a
list of forbidden modifiers. For example, in the test files that must
not use UTF or Unicode property support, this line appears:
< forbid 8W
This locks out the /8 and /W modifiers. An immediate error is given
if they are subsequently encountered. If the character string
contains < but not >, all the multi-character modifiers that begin
with < are locked out. Otherwise, such modifiers must be explicitly
listed, for example:
< forbid <JS><cr>
There must be a single space between < and "forbid" for this feature
to be recognised. If there is not, the line is interpreted either as
a request to re-load a pre-compiled pattern (see "SAVING AND
RELOADING COMPILED PATTERNS" below) or, if there is a another <
character, as a pattern that uses < as its delimiter.
Before each data line is passed to pcre[16|32]_exec(), leading and
trailing white space is removed, and it is then scanned for \
escapes. Some of these are pretty esoteric features, intended for
checking out some of the more complicated features of PCRE. If you
are just testing "ordinary" regular expressions, you probably don't
need any of these. The following escapes are recognized:
\a alarm (BEL, \x07)
\b backspace (\x08)
\e escape (\x27)
\f form feed (\x0c)
\n newline (\x0a)
\qdd set the PCRE_MATCH_LIMIT limit to dd
(any number of digits)
\r carriage return (\x0d)
\t tab (\x09)
\v vertical tab (\x0b)
\nnn octal character (up to 3 octal digits); always
a byte unless > 255 in UTF-8 or 16-bit or 32-bit mode
\o{dd...} octal character (any number of octal digits}
\xhh hexadecimal byte (up to 2 hex digits)
\x{hh...} hexadecimal character (any number of hex digits)
\A pass the PCRE_ANCHORED option to pcre[16|32]_exec()
or pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()
\B pass the PCRE_NOTBOL option to pcre[16|32]_exec()
or pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()
\Cdd call pcre[16|32]_copy_substring() for substring dd
after a successful match (number less than 32)
\Cname call pcre[16|32]_copy_named_substring() for substring
"name" after a successful match (name termin-
ated by next non alphanumeric character)
\C+ show the current captured substrings at callout
time
\C- do not supply a callout function
\C!n return 1 instead of 0 when callout number n is
reached
\C!n!m return 1 instead of 0 when callout number n is
reached for the nth time
\C*n pass the number n (may be negative) as callout
data; this is used as the callout return value
\D use the pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec() match function
\F only shortest match for pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()
\Gdd call pcre[16|32]_get_substring() for substring dd
after a successful match (number less than 32)
\Gname call pcre[16|32]_get_named_substring() for substring
"name" after a successful match (name termin-
ated by next non-alphanumeric character)
\Jdd set up a JIT stack of dd kilobytes maximum (any
number of digits)
\L call pcre[16|32]_get_substringlist() after a
successful match
\M discover the minimum MATCH_LIMIT and
MATCH_LIMIT_RECURSION settings
\N pass the PCRE_NOTEMPTY option to pcre[16|32]_exec()
or pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec(); if used twice, pass the
PCRE_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART option
\Odd set the size of the output vector passed to
pcre[16|32]_exec() to dd (any number of digits)
\P pass the PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT option to pcre[16|32]_exec()
or pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec(); if used twice, pass the
PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD option
\Qdd set the PCRE_MATCH_LIMIT_RECURSION limit to dd
(any number of digits)
\R pass the PCRE_DFA_RESTART option to
pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()
\S output details of memory get/free calls during matching
\Y pass the PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE option to
pcre[16|32]_exec()
or pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()
\Z pass the PCRE_NOTEOL option to pcre[16|32]_exec()
or pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()
\? pass the PCRE_NO_UTF[8|16|32]_CHECK option to
pcre[16|32]_exec() or pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()
\>dd start the match at offset dd (optional "-"; then
any number of digits); this sets the startoffset
argument for pcre[16|32]_exec() or
pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()
\<cr> pass the PCRE_NEWLINE_CR option to pcre[16|32]_exec()
or pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()
\<lf> pass the PCRE_NEWLINE_LF option to pcre[16|32]_exec()
or pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()
\<crlf> pass the PCRE_NEWLINE_CRLF option to pcre[16|32]_exec()
or pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()
\<anycrlf> pass the PCRE_NEWLINE_ANYCRLF option to
pcre[16|32]_exec()
or pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()
\<any> pass the PCRE_NEWLINE_ANY option to pcre[16|32]_exec()
or pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()
The use of \x{hh...} is not dependent on the use of the /8 modifier
on the pattern. It is recognized always. There may be any number of
hexadecimal digits inside the braces; invalid values provoke error
messages.
Note that \xhh specifies one byte rather than one character in UTF-8
mode; this makes it possible to construct invalid UTF-8 sequences for
testing purposes. On the other hand, \x{hh} is interpreted as a UTF-8
character in UTF-8 mode, generating more than one byte if the value
is greater than 127. When testing the 8-bit library not in UTF-8
mode, \x{hh} generates one byte for values less than 256, and causes
an error for greater values.
In UTF-16 mode, all 4-digit \x{hhhh} values are accepted. This makes
it possible to construct invalid UTF-16 sequences for testing
purposes.
In UTF-32 mode, all 4- to 8-digit \x{...} values are accepted. This
makes it possible to construct invalid UTF-32 sequences for testing
purposes.
The escapes that specify line ending sequences are literal strings,
exactly as shown. No more than one newline setting should be present
in any data line.
A backslash followed by anything else just escapes the anything else.
If the very last character is a backslash, it is ignored. This gives
a way of passing an empty line as data, since a real empty line
terminates the data input.
The \J escape provides a way of setting the maximum stack size that
is used by the just-in-time optimization code. It is ignored if JIT
optimization is not being used. Providing a stack that is larger than
the default 32K is necessary only for very complicated patterns.
If \M is present, pcretest calls pcre[16|32]_exec() several times,
with different values in the match_limit and match_limit_recursion
fields of the pcre[16|32]_extra data structure, until it finds the
minimum numbers for each parameter that allow pcre[16|32]_exec() to
complete without error. Because this is testing a specific feature of
the normal interpretive pcre[16|32]_exec() execution, the use of any
JIT optimization that might have been set up by the /S+ qualifier of
-s+ option is disabled.
The match_limit number is a measure of the amount of backtracking
that takes place, and checking it out can be instructive. For most
simple matches, the number is quite small, but for patterns with very
large numbers of matching possibilities, it can become large very
quickly with increasing length of subject string. The
match_limit_recursion number is a measure of how much stack (or, if
PCRE is compiled with NO_RECURSE, how much heap) memory is needed to
complete the match attempt.
When \O is used, the value specified may be higher or lower than the
size set by the -O command line option (or defaulted to 45); \O
applies only to the call of pcre[16|32]_exec() for the line in which
it appears.
If the /P modifier was present on the pattern, causing the POSIX
wrapper API to be used, the only option-setting sequences that have
any effect are \B, \N, and \Z, causing REG_NOTBOL, REG_NOTEMPTY, and
REG_NOTEOL, respectively, to be passed to regexec().
By default, pcretest uses the standard PCRE matching function,
pcre[16|32]_exec() to match each data line. PCRE also supports an
alternative matching function, pcre[16|32]_dfa_test(), which operates
in a different way, and has some restrictions. The differences
between the two functions are described in the pcrematching
documentation.
If a data line contains the \D escape sequence, or if the command
line contains the -dfa option, the alternative matching function is
used. This function finds all possible matches at a given point. If,
however, the \F escape sequence is present in the data line, it stops
after the first match is found. This is always the shortest possible
match.
This section describes the output when the normal matching function,
pcre[16|32]_exec(), is being used.
When a match succeeds, pcretest outputs the list of captured
substrings that pcre[16|32]_exec() returns, starting with number 0
for the string that matched the whole pattern. Otherwise, it outputs
"No match" when the return is PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH, and "Partial
match:" followed by the partially matching substring when
pcre[16|32]_exec() returns PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL. (Note that this is the
entire substring that was inspected during the partial match; it may
include characters before the actual match start if a lookbehind
assertion, \K, \b, or \B was involved.) For any other return,
pcretest outputs the PCRE negative error number and a short
descriptive phrase. If the error is a failed UTF string check, the
offset of the start of the failing character and the reason code are
also output, provided that the size of the output vector is at least
two. Here is an example of an interactive pcretest run.
$ pcretest
PCRE version 8.13 2011-04-30
re> /^abc(\d+)/
data> abc123
0: abc123
1: 123
data> xyz
No match
Unset capturing substrings that are not followed by one that is set
are not returned by pcre[16|32]_exec(), and are not shown by
pcretest. In the following example, there are two capturing
substrings, but when the first data line is matched, the second,
unset substring is not shown. An "internal" unset substring is shown
as "<unset>", as for the second data line.
re> /(a)|(b)/
data> a
0: a
1: a
data> b
0: b
1: <unset>
2: b
If the strings contain any non-printing characters, they are output
as \xhh escapes if the value is less than 256 and UTF mode is not
set. Otherwise they are output as \x{hh...} escapes. See below for
the definition of non-printing characters. If the pattern has the /+
modifier, the output for substring 0 is followed by the the rest of
the subject string, identified by "0+" like this:
re> /cat/+
data> cataract
0: cat
0+ aract
If the pattern has the /g or /G modifier, the results of successive
matching attempts are output in sequence, like this:
re> /\Bi(\w\w)/g
data> Mississippi
0: iss
1: ss
0: iss
1: ss
0: ipp
1: pp
"No match" is output only if the first match attempt fails. Here is
an example of a failure message (the offset 4 that is specified by
\>4 is past the end of the subject string):
re> /xyz/
data> xyz\>4
Error -24 (bad offset value)
If any of the sequences \C, \G, or \L are present in a data line that
is successfully matched, the substrings extracted by the convenience
functions are output with C, G, or L after the string number instead
of a colon. This is in addition to the normal full list. The string
length (that is, the return from the extraction function) is given in
parentheses after each string for \C and \G.
Note that whereas patterns can be continued over several lines (a
plain ">" prompt is used for continuations), data lines may not.
However newlines can be included in data by means of the \n escape
(or \r, \r\n, etc., depending on the newline sequence setting).
When the alternative matching function, pcre[16|32]_dfa_exec(), is
used (by means of the \D escape sequence or the -dfa command line
option), the output consists of a list of all the matches that start
at the first point in the subject where there is at least one match.
For example:
re> /(tang|tangerine|tan)/
data> yellow tangerine\D
0: tangerine
1: tang
2: tan
(Using the normal matching function on this data finds only "tang".)
The longest matching string is always given first (and numbered
zero). After a PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL return, the output is "Partial
match:", followed by the partially matching substring. (Note that
this is the entire substring that was inspected during the partial
match; it may include characters before the actual match start if a
lookbehind assertion, \K, \b, or \B was involved.)
If /g is present on the pattern, the search for further matches
resumes at the end of the longest match. For example:
re> /(tang|tangerine|tan)/g
data> yellow tangerine and tangy sultana\D
0: tangerine
1: tang
2: tan
0: tang
1: tan
0: tan
Since the matching function does not support substring capture, the
escape sequences that are concerned with captured substrings are not
relevant.
When the alternative matching function has given the
PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL return, indicating that the subject partially
matched the pattern, you can restart the match with additional
subject data by means of the \R escape sequence. For example:
re>
/^\d?\d(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\d\d$/
data> 23ja\P\D
Partial match: 23ja
data> n05\R\D
0: n05
For further information about partial matching, see the pcrepartial
documentation.
If the pattern contains any callout requests, pcretest's callout
function is called during matching. This works with both matching
functions. By default, the called function displays the callout
number, the start and current positions in the text at the callout
time, and the next pattern item to be tested. For example:
--->pqrabcdef
0 ^ ^ \d
This output indicates that callout number 0 occurred for a match
attempt starting at the fourth character of the subject string, when
the pointer was at the seventh character of the data, and when the
next pattern item was \d. Just one circumflex is output if the start
and current positions are the same.
Callouts numbered 255 are assumed to be automatic callouts, inserted
as a result of the /C pattern modifier. In this case, instead of
showing the callout number, the offset in the pattern, preceded by a
plus, is output. For example:
re> /\d?[A-E]\*/C
data> E*
--->E*
+0 ^ \d?
+3 ^ [A-E]
+8 ^^ \*
+10 ^ ^
0: E*
If a pattern contains (*MARK) items, an additional line is output
whenever a change of latest mark is passed to the callout function.
For example:
re> /a(*MARK:X)bc/C
data> abc
--->abc
+0 ^ a
+1 ^^ (*MARK:X)
+10 ^^ b
Latest Mark: X
+11 ^ ^ c
+12 ^ ^
0: abc
The mark changes between matching "a" and "b", but stays the same for
the rest of the match, so nothing more is output. If, as a result of
backtracking, the mark reverts to being unset, the text "<unset>" is
output.
The callout function in pcretest returns zero (carry on matching) by
default, but you can use a \C item in a data line (as described
above) to change this and other parameters of the callout.
Inserting callouts can be helpful when using pcretest to check
complicated regular expressions. For further information about
callouts, see the pcrecallout documentation.
When pcretest is outputting text in the compiled version of a
pattern, bytes other than 32-126 are always treated as non-printing
characters are are therefore shown as hex escapes.
When pcretest is outputting text that is a matched part of a subject
string, it behaves in the same way, unless a different locale has
been set for the pattern (using the /L modifier). In this case, the
isprint() function to distinguish printing and non-printing
characters.
The facilities described in this section are not available when the
POSIX interface to PCRE is being used, that is, when the /P pattern
modifier is specified.
When the POSIX interface is not in use, you can cause pcretest to
write a compiled pattern to a file, by following the modifiers with >
and a file name. For example:
/pattern/im >/some/file
See the pcreprecompile documentation for a discussion about saving
and re-using compiled patterns. Note that if the pattern was
successfully studied with JIT optimization, the JIT data cannot be
saved.
The data that is written is binary. The first eight bytes are the
length of the compiled pattern data followed by the length of the
optional study data, each written as four bytes in big-endian order
(most significant byte first). If there is no study data (either the
pattern was not studied, or studying did not return any data), the
second length is zero. The lengths are followed by an exact copy of
the compiled pattern. If there is additional study data, this
(excluding any JIT data) follows immediately after the compiled
pattern. After writing the file, pcretest expects to read a new
pattern.
A saved pattern can be reloaded into pcretest by specifying < and a
file name instead of a pattern. There must be no space between < and
the file name, which must not contain a < character, as otherwise
pcretest will interpret the line as a pattern delimited by <
characters. For example:
re> </some/file
Compiled pattern loaded from /some/file
No study data
If the pattern was previously studied with the JIT optimization, the
JIT information cannot be saved and restored, and so is lost. When
the pattern has been loaded, pcretest proceeds to read data lines in
the usual way.
You can copy a file written by pcretest to a different host and
reload it there, even if the new host has opposite endianness to the
one on which the pattern was compiled. For example, you can compile
on an i86 machine and run on a SPARC machine. When a pattern is
reloaded on a host with different endianness, the confirmation
message is changed to:
Compiled pattern (byte-inverted) loaded from /some/file
The test suite contains some saved pre-compiled patterns with
different endianness. These are reloaded using "<!" instead of just
"<". This suppresses the "(byte-inverted)" text so that the output is
the same on all hosts. It also forces debugging output once the
pattern has been reloaded.
File names for saving and reloading can be absolute or relative, but
note that the shell facility of expanding a file name that starts
with a tilde (~) is not available.
The ability to save and reload files in pcretest is intended for
testing and experimentation. It is not intended for production use
because only a single pattern can be written to a file. Furthermore,
there is no facility for supplying custom character tables for use
with a reloaded pattern. If the original pattern was compiled with
custom tables, an attempt to match a subject string using a reloaded
pattern is likely to cause pcretest to crash. Finally, if you
attempt to load a file that is not in the correct format, the result
is undefined.
pcre(3), pcre16(3), pcre32(3), pcreapi(3), pcrecallout(3), pcrejit,
pcrematching(3), pcrepartial(d), pcrepattern(3), pcreprecompile(3).
Philip Hazel
University Computing Service
Cambridge CB2 3QH, England.
Last updated: 09 February 2014
Copyright (c) 1997-2014 University of Cambridge.
This page is part of the PCRE (Perl Compatible Regular Expressions)
project. Information about the project can be found at
⟨http://www.pcre.org/⟩. If you have a bug report for this manual
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PCRE 8.35 09 February 2014 PCRETEST(1)
Pages that refer to this page: pcregrep(1)