NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | AUTHOR | REPORTING BUGS | COPYRIGHT | SEE ALSO | COLOPHON

LS(1)                           User Commands                          LS(1)

NAME         top

       ls - list directory contents

SYNOPSIS         top

       ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION         top

       List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
       Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is
       specified.
       Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options
       too.
       -a, --all
              do not ignore entries starting with .
       -A, --almost-all
              do not list implied . and ..
       --author
              with -l, print the author of each file
       -b, --escape
              print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
       --block-size=SIZE
              scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
              '--block-size=M' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes; see
              SIZE format below
       -B, --ignore-backups
              do not list implied entries ending with ~
       -c     with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification
              of file status information); with -l: show ctime and sort by
              name; otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
       -C     list entries by columns
       --color[=WHEN]
              colorize the output; WHEN can be 'always' (default if
              omitted), 'auto', or 'never'; more info below
       -d, --directory
              list directories themselves, not their contents
       -D, --dired
              generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
       -f     do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
       -F, --classify
              append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
       --file-type
              likewise, except do not append '*'
       --format=WORD
              across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column
              -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
       --full-time
              like -l --time-style=full-iso
       -g     like -l, but do not list owner
       --group-directories-first
              group directories before files;
              can be augmented with a --sort option, but any use of
              --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
       -G, --no-group
              in a long listing, don't print group names
       -h, --human-readable
              with -l and/or -s, print human readable sizes (e.g., 1K 234M
              2G)
       --si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
       -H, --dereference-command-line
              follow symbolic links listed on the command line
       --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
              follow each command line symbolic link
              that points to a directory
       --hide=PATTERN
              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden
              by -a or -A)
       --indicator-style=WORD
              append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none
              (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
       -i, --inode
              print the index number of each file
       -I, --ignore=PATTERN
              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
       -k, --kibibytes
              default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage
       -l     use a long listing format
       -L, --dereference
              when showing file information for a symbolic link, show
              information for the file the link references rather than for
              the link itself
       -m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries
       -n, --numeric-uid-gid
              like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
       -N, --literal
              print entry names without quoting
       -o     like -l, but do not list group information
       -p, --indicator-style=slash
              append / indicator to directories
       -q, --hide-control-chars
              print ? instead of nongraphic characters
       --show-control-chars
              show nongraphic characters as-is (the default, unless program
              is 'ls' and output is a terminal)
       -Q, --quote-name
              enclose entry names in double quotes
       --quoting-style=WORD
              use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale,
              shell, shell-always, shell-escape, shell-escape-always, c,
              escape
       -r, --reverse
              reverse order while sorting
       -R, --recursive
              list subdirectories recursively
       -s, --size
              print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
       -S     sort by file size, largest first
       --sort=WORD
              sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S), time (-t),
              version (-v), extension (-X)
       --time=WORD
              with -l, show time as WORD instead of default modification
              time: atime or access or use (-u); ctime or status (-c); also
              use specified time as sort key if --sort=time (newest first)
       --time-style=STYLE
              with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso,
              iso, locale, or +FORMAT; FORMAT is interpreted like in 'date';
              if FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies to
              non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is
              prefixed with 'posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the
              POSIX locale
       -t     sort by modification time, newest first
       -T, --tabsize=COLS
              assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
       -u     with -lt: sort by, and show, access time; with -l: show access
              time and sort by name; otherwise: sort by access time, newest
              first
       -U     do not sort; list entries in directory order
       -v     natural sort of (version) numbers within text
       -w, --width=COLS
              set output width to COLS.  0 means no limit
       -x     list entries by lines instead of by columns
       -X     sort alphabetically by entry extension
       -Z, --context
              print any security context of each file
       -1     list one file per line.  Avoid '\n' with -q or -b
       --help display this help and exit
       --version
              output version information and exit
       The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is
       10*1024).  Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,...
       (powers of 1000).
       Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
       with --color=never.  With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only
       when standard output is connected to a terminal.  The LS_COLORS
       environment variable can change the settings.  Use the dircolors
       command to set it.
   Exit status:
       0      if OK,
       1      if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
       2      if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line
              argument).

AUTHOR         top

       Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.

REPORTING BUGS         top

       GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
       Report ls translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>

COPYRIGHT         top

       Copyright © 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License GPLv3+: GNU
       GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
       This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO         top

       Full documentation at: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ls>
       or available locally via: info '(coreutils) ls invocation'

COLOPHON         top

       This page is part of the coreutils (basic file, shell and text
       manipulation utilities) project.  Information about the project can
       be found at ⟨http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/⟩.  If you have a
       bug report for this manual page, see 
       ⟨http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/⟩.  This page was obtained from
       the tarball coreutils-8.27.tar.xz fetched from 
       ⟨http://www.gnutls.org/download.html⟩ on 2017-07-05.  If you discover
       any rendering problems in this HTML version of the page, or you
       believe there is a better or more up-to-date source for the page, or
       you have corrections or improvements to the information in this
       COLOPHON (which is not part of the original manual page), send a mail
       to man-pages@man7.org
GNU coreutils 8.27               March 2017                            LS(1)

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