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NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | CAVEATS | CONFIGURATION | FILES | SEE ALSO | COLOPHON |
LOGIN(1) User Commands LOGIN(1)
login - begin session on the system
login [-p] [-h host] [username] [ENV=VAR...]
login [-p] [-h host] -f username
login [-p] -r host
The login program is used to establish a new session with the system.
It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the login:
prompt on the user's terminal. login may be special to the shell and
may not be invoked as a sub-process. When called from a shell, login
should be executed as exec login which will cause the user to exit
from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new logged in user
to return to the session of the caller). Attempting to execute login
from any shell but the login shell will produce an error message.
The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate. Echoing
is disabled to prevent revealing the password. Only a small number of
password failures are permitted before login exits and the
communications link is severed.
If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be
prompted for a new password before proceeding. You will be forced to
provide your old password and the new password before continuing.
Please refer to passwd(1) for more information.
Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the
/etc/passwd file. The value for $HOME, $SHELL, $PATH, $LOGNAME, and
$MAIL are set according to the appropriate fields in the password
entry. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to
entries in the GECOS field.
On some installations, the environmental variable $TERM will be
initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in
/etc/ttytype.
An initialization script for your command interpreter may also be
executed. Please see the appropriate manual section for more
information on this function.
A subsystem login is indicated by the presence of a "*" as the first
character of the login shell. The given home directory will be used
as the root of a new file system which the user is actually logged
into.
The login program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp
file. It is the responsibility of getty(8) and init(8) to clean up
apparent ownership of a terminal session. If you use login from the
shell prompt without exec, the user you use will continue to appear
to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession".
-f
Do not perform authentication, user is preauthenticated.
Note: In that case, username is mandatory.
-h
Name of the remote host for this login.
-p
Preserve environment.
-r
Perform autologin protocol for rlogin.
The -r, -h and -f options are only used when login is invoked by
root.
This version of login has many compilation options, only some of
which may be in use at any particular site.
The location of files is subject to differences in system
configuration.
The login program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp
file. It is the responsibility of getty(8) and init(8) to clean up
apparent ownership of a terminal session. If you use login from the
shell prompt without exec, the user you use will continue to appear
to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession".
As with any program, login's appearance can be faked. If non-trusted
users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use this
to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of
the machine. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to
initiate a trusted path and prevent this kind of attack.
The following configuration variables in /etc/login.defs change the
behavior of this tool:
CONSOLE_GROUPS (string)
List of groups to add to the user's supplementary groups set when
logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting).
Default is none.
Use with caution - it is possible for users to gain permanent
access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console.
DEFAULT_HOME (boolean)
Indicate if login is allowed if we can't cd to the home
directory. Default is no.
If set to yes, the user will login in the root (/) directory if
it is not possible to cd to her home directory.
ENV_PATH (string)
If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable
when a regular user login. The value is a colon separated list of
paths (for example /bin:/usr/bin) and can be preceded by PATH=.
The default value is PATH=/bin:/usr/bin.
ENV_SUPATH (string)
If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable
when the superuser login. The value is a colon separated list of
paths (for example /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin) and can be
preceded by PATH=. The default value is
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin.
ERASECHAR (number)
Terminal ERASE character (010 = backspace, 0177 = DEL).
The value can be prefixed "0" for an octal value, or "0x" for an
hexadecimal value.
FAIL_DELAY (number)
Delay in seconds before being allowed another attempt after a
login failure.
FAKE_SHELL (string)
If set, login will execute this shell instead of the users' shell
specified in /etc/passwd.
HUSHLOGIN_FILE (string)
If defined, this file can inhibit all the usual chatter during
the login sequence. If a full pathname is specified, then hushed
mode will be enabled if the user's name or shell are found in the
file. If not a full pathname, then hushed mode will be enabled if
the file exists in the user's home directory.
KILLCHAR (number)
Terminal KILL character (025 = CTRL/U).
The value can be prefixed "0" for an octal value, or "0x" for an
hexadecimal value.
LOGIN_RETRIES (number)
Maximum number of login retries in case of bad password.
This will most likely be overridden by PAM, since the default
pam_unix module has its own built in of 3 retries. However, this
is a safe fallback in case you are using an authentication module
that does not enforce PAM_MAXTRIES.
LOGIN_TIMEOUT (number)
Max time in seconds for login.
LOG_OK_LOGINS (boolean)
Enable logging of successful logins.
LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB (boolean)
Enable display of unknown usernames when login failures are
recorded.
Note: logging unknown usernames may be a security issue if an
user enter her password instead of her login name.
TTYGROUP (string), TTYPERM (string)
The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the
TTYGROUP group, and the permissions will be set to TTYPERM.
By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user's
primary group and the permissions are set to 0600.
TTYGROUP can be either the name of a group or a numeric group
identifier.
If you have a write program which is "setgid" to a special group
which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and
TTYPERM to 0620. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and
assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600.
TTYTYPE_FILE (string)
If defined, file which maps tty line to TERM environment
parameter. Each line of the file is in a format something like
"vt100 tty01".
USERGROUPS_ENAB (boolean)
If set to yes, userdel will remove the user's group if it
contains no more members, and useradd will create by default a
group with the name of the user.
/var/run/utmp
List of current login sessions.
/var/log/wtmp
List of previous login sessions.
/etc/passwd
User account information.
/etc/shadow
Secure user account information.
/etc/motd
System message of the day file.
/etc/nologin
Prevent non-root users from logging in.
/etc/ttytype
List of terminal types.
$HOME/.hushlogin
Suppress printing of system messages.
/etc/login.defs
Shadow password suite configuration.
mail(1), passwd(1), sh(1), su(1), login.defs(5), nologin(5),
passwd(5), securetty(5), getty(8).
This page is part of the shadow-utils (utilities for managing
accounts and shadow password files) project. Information about the
project can be found at ⟨http://pkg-shadow.alioth.debian.org/⟩. If
you have a bug report for this manual page, see
⟨http://pkg-shadow.alioth.debian.org/getinvolved.php⟩. This page was
obtained from the project's upstream Git repository
⟨git://anonscm.debian.org/git/pkg-shadow/shadow.git⟩ on 2017-07-05.
If you discover any rendering problems in this HTML version of the
page, or you believe there is a better or more up-to-date source for
the page, or you have corrections or improvements to the information
in this COLOPHON (which is not part of the original manual page),
send a mail to man-pages@man7.org
shadow-utils 4.4 07/05/2017 LOGIN(1)