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NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | SEE ALSO | COPYRIGHT | COLOPHON |
AR(1) GNU Development Tools AR(1)
ar - create, modify, and extract from archives
ar [-X32_64] [-]p[mod] [--plugin name] [--target bfdname] [relpos]
[count] archive [member...]
The GNU ar program creates, modifies, and extracts from archives. An
archive is a single file holding a collection of other files in a
structure that makes it possible to retrieve the original individual
files (called members of the archive).
The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner,
and group are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on
extraction.
GNU ar can maintain archives whose members have names of any length;
however, depending on how ar is configured on your system, a limit on
member-name length may be imposed for compatibility with archive
formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, the limit is
often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16
characters (typical of formats related to coff).
ar is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort are
most often used as libraries holding commonly needed subroutines.
ar creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable object
modules in the archive when you specify the modifier s. Once
created, this index is updated in the archive whenever ar makes a
change to its contents (save for the q update operation). An archive
with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and allows
routines in the library to call each other without regard to their
placement in the archive.
You may use nm -s or nm --print-armap to list this index table. If
an archive lacks the table, another form of ar called ranlib can be
used to add just the table.
GNU ar can optionally create a thin archive, which contains a symbol
index and references to the original copies of the member files of
the archive. This is useful for building libraries for use within a
local build tree, where the relocatable objects are expected to
remain available, and copying the contents of each object would only
waste time and space.
An archive can either be thin or it can be normal. It cannot be both
at the same time. Once an archive is created its format cannot be
changed without first deleting it and then creating a new archive in
its place.
Thin archives are also flattened, so that adding one thin archive to
another thin archive does not nest it, as would happen with a normal
archive. Instead the elements of the first archive are added
individually to the second archive.
The paths to the elements of the archive are stored relative to the
archive itself.
GNU ar is designed to be compatible with two different facilities.
You can control its activity using command-line options, like the
different varieties of ar on Unix systems; or, if you specify the
single command-line option -M, you can control it with a script
supplied via standard input, like the MRI "librarian" program.
GNU ar allows you to mix the operation code p and modifier flags mod
in any order, within the first command-line argument.
If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a
dash.
The p keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be any of
the following, but you must specify only one of them:
d Delete modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to
be deleted as member...; the archive is untouched if you specify
no files to delete.
If you specify the v modifier, ar lists each module as it is
deleted.
m Use this operation to move members in an archive.
The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in
how programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined
in more than one member.
If no modifiers are used with "m", any members you name in the
member arguments are moved to the end of the archive; you can use
the a, b, or i modifiers to move them to a specified place
instead.
p Print the specified members of the archive, to the standard
output file. If the v modifier is specified, show the member
name before copying its contents to standard output.
If you specify no member arguments, all the files in the archive
are printed.
q Quick append; Historically, add the files member... to the end of
archive, without checking for replacement.
The modifiers a, b, and i do not affect this operation; new
members are always placed at the end of the archive.
The modifier v makes ar list each file as it is appended.
Since the point of this operation is speed, implementations of ar
have the option of not updating the archive's symbol table if one
exists. Too many different systems however assume that symbol
tables are always up-to-date, so GNU ar will rebuild the table
even with a quick append.
Note - GNU ar treats the command qs as a synonym for r -
replacing already existing files in the archive and appending new
ones at the end.
r Insert the files member... into archive (with replacement). This
operation differs from q in that any previously existing members
are deleted if their names match those being added.
If one of the files named in member... does not exist, ar
displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing
members of the archive matching that name.
By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you
may use one of the modifiers a, b, or i to request placement
relative to some existing member.
The modifier v used with this operation elicits a line of output
for each file inserted, along with one of the letters a or r to
indicate whether the file was appended (no old member deleted) or
replaced.
s Add an index to the archive, or update it if it already exists.
Note this command is an exception to the rule that there can only
be one command letter, as it is possible to use it as either a
command or a modifier. In either case it does the same thing.
t Display a table listing the contents of archive, or those of the
files listed in member... that are present in the archive.
Normally only the member name is shown; if you also want to see
the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you
can request that by also specifying the v modifier.
If you do not specify a member, all files in the archive are
listed.
If there is more than one file with the same name (say, fie) in
an archive (say b.a), ar t b.a fie lists only the first instance;
to see them all, you must ask for a complete listing---in our
example, ar t b.a.
x Extract members (named member) from the archive. You can use the
v modifier with this operation, to request that ar list each name
as it extracts it.
If you do not specify a member, all files in the archive are
extracted.
Files cannot be extracted from a thin archive.
--help
Displays the list of command line options supported by ar and
then exits.
--version
Displays the version information of ar and then exits.
A number of modifiers (mod) may immediately follow the p keyletter,
to specify variations on an operation's behavior:
a Add new files after an existing member of the archive. If you
use the modifier a, the name of an existing archive member must
be present as the relpos argument, before the archive
specification.
b Add new files before an existing member of the archive. If you
use the modifier b, the name of an existing archive member must
be present as the relpos argument, before the archive
specification. (same as i).
c Create the archive. The specified archive is always created if
it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning is
issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create
it, by using this modifier.
D Operate in deterministic mode. When adding files and the archive
index use zero for UIDs, GIDs, timestamps, and use consistent
file modes for all files. When this option is used, if ar is
used with identical options and identical input files, multiple
runs will create identical output files regardless of the input
files' owners, groups, file modes, or modification times.
If binutils was configured with --enable-deterministic-archives,
then this mode is on by default. It can be disabled with the U
modifier, below.
f Truncate names in the archive. GNU ar will normally permit file
names of any length. This will cause it to create archives which
are not compatible with the native ar program on some systems.
If this is a concern, the f modifier may be used to truncate file
names when putting them in the archive.
i Insert new files before an existing member of the archive. If
you use the modifier i, the name of an existing archive member
must be present as the relpos argument, before the archive
specification. (same as b).
l This modifier is accepted but not used.
N Uses the count parameter. This is used if there are multiple
entries in the archive with the same name. Extract or delete
instance count of the given name from the archive.
o Preserve the original dates of members when extracting them. If
you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the
archive are stamped with the time of extraction.
P Use the full path name when matching names in the archive. GNU
ar can not create an archive with a full path name (such archives
are not POSIX complaint), but other archive creators can. This
option will cause GNU ar to match file names using a complete
path name, which can be convenient when extracting a single file
from an archive created by another tool.
s Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an
existing one, even if no other change is made to the archive.
You may use this modifier flag either with any operation, or
alone. Running ar s on an archive is equivalent to running
ranlib on it.
S Do not generate an archive symbol table. This can speed up
building a large library in several steps. The resulting archive
can not be used with the linker. In order to build a symbol
table, you must omit the S modifier on the last execution of ar,
or you must run ranlib on the archive.
T Make the specified archive a thin archive. If it already exists
and is a regular archive, the existing members must be present in
the same directory as archive.
u Normally, ar r... inserts all files listed into the archive. If
you would like to insert only those of the files you list that
are newer than existing members of the same names, use this
modifier. The u modifier is allowed only for the operation r
(replace). In particular, the combination qu is not allowed,
since checking the timestamps would lose any speed advantage from
the operation q.
U Do not operate in deterministic mode. This is the inverse of the
D modifier, above: added files and the archive index will get
their actual UID, GID, timestamp, and file mode values.
This is the default unless binutils was configured with
--enable-deterministic-archives.
v This modifier requests the verbose version of an operation. Many
operations display additional information, such as filenames
processed, when the modifier v is appended.
V This modifier shows the version number of ar.
ar ignores an initial option spelt -X32_64, for compatibility with
AIX. The behaviour produced by this option is the default for GNU
ar. ar does not support any of the other -X options; in particular,
it does not support -X32 which is the default for AIX ar.
The optional command line switch --plugin name causes ar to load the
plugin called name which adds support for more file formats. This
option is only available if the toolchain has been built with plugin
support enabled.
The optional command line switch --target bfdname specifies that the
archive members are in an object code format different from your
system's default format. See
@file
Read command-line options from file. The options read are
inserted in place of the original @file option. If file does not
exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated
literally, and not removed.
Options in file are separated by whitespace. A whitespace
character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire
option in either single or double quotes. Any character
(including a backslash) may be included by prefixing the
character to be included with a backslash. The file may itself
contain additional @file options; any such options will be
processed recursively.
nm(1), ranlib(1), and the Info entries for binutils.
Copyright (c) 1991-2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
"GNU Free Documentation License".
This page is part of the binutils (a collection of tools for working
with executable binaries) project. Information about the project can
be found at ⟨http://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/⟩. If you have a
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binutils-2.28 2017-03-02 AR(1)
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