VGA Switcheroo¶

vga_switcheroo is the Linux subsystem for laptop hybrid graphics. These come in two flavors:

muxed: Dual GPUs with a multiplexer chip to switch outputs between GPUs.
muxless: Dual GPUs but only one of them is connected to outputs. The other one is merely used to offload rendering, its results are copied over PCIe into the framebuffer. On Linux this is supported with DRI PRIME.

Hybrid graphics started to appear in the late Naughties and were initially all muxed. Newer laptops moved to a muxless architecture for cost reasons. A notable exception is the MacBook Pro which continues to use a mux. Muxes come with varying capabilities: Some switch only the panel, others can also switch external displays. Some switch all display pins at once while others can switch just the DDC lines. (To allow EDID probing for the inactive GPU.) Also, muxes are often used to cut power to the discrete GPU while it is not used.

DRM drivers register GPUs with vga_switcheroo, these are henceforth called clients. The mux is called the handler. Muxless machines also register a handler to control the power state of the discrete GPU, its ->switchto callback is a no-op for obvious reasons. The discrete GPU is often equipped with an HDA controller for the HDMI/DP audio signal, this will also register as a client so that vga_switcheroo can take care of the correct suspend/resume order when changing the discrete GPU’s power state. In total there can thus be up to three clients: Two vga clients (GPUs) and one audio client (on the discrete GPU). The code is mostly prepared to support machines with more than two GPUs should they become available.

The GPU to which the outputs are currently switched is called the active client in vga_switcheroo parlance. The GPU not in use is the inactive client. When the inactive client’s DRM driver is loaded, it will be unable to probe the panel’s EDID and hence depends on VBIOS to provide its display modes. If the VBIOS modes are bogus or if there is no VBIOS at all (which is common on the MacBook Pro), a client may alternatively request that the DDC lines are temporarily switched to it, provided that the handler supports this. Switching only the DDC lines and not the entire output avoids unnecessary flickering.

Modes of Use¶

Manual switching and manual power control¶

In this mode of use, the file /sys/kernel/debug/vgaswitcheroo/switch can be read to retrieve the current vga_switcheroo state and commands can be written to it to change the state. The file appears as soon as two GPU drivers and one handler have registered with vga_switcheroo. The following commands are understood:

OFF: Power off the device not in use.
ON: Power on the device not in use.
IGD: Switch to the integrated graphics device. Power on the integrated GPU if necessary, power off the discrete GPU. Prerequisite is that no user space processes (e.g. Xorg, alsactl) have opened device files of the GPUs or the audio client. If the switch fails, the user may invoke lsof(8) or fuser(1) on /dev/dri/ and /dev/snd/controlC1 to identify processes blocking the switch.
DIS: Switch to the discrete graphics device.
DIGD: Delayed switch to the integrated graphics device. This will perform the switch once the last user space process has closed the device files of the GPUs and the audio client.
DDIS: Delayed switch to the discrete graphics device.
MIGD: Mux-only switch to the integrated graphics device. Does not remap console or change the power state of either gpu. If the integrated GPU is currently off, the screen will turn black. If it is on, the screen will show whatever happens to be in VRAM. Either way, the user has to blindly enter the command to switch back.
MDIS: Mux-only switch to the discrete graphics device.

For GPUs whose power state is controlled by the driver’s runtime pm, the ON and OFF commands are a no-op (see next section).

For muxless machines, the IGD/DIS, DIGD/DDIS and MIGD/MDIS commands should not be used.

Driver power control¶

In this mode of use, the discrete GPU automatically powers up and down at the discretion of the driver’s runtime pm. On muxed machines, the user may still influence the muxer state by way of the debugfs interface, however the ON and OFF commands become a no-op for the discrete GPU.

This mode is the default on Nvidia HybridPower/Optimus and ATI PowerXpress. Specifying nouveau.runpm=0, radeon.runpm=0 or amdgpu.runpm=0 on the kernel command line disables it.

After the GPU has been suspended, the handler needs to be called to cut power to the GPU. Likewise it needs to reinstate power before the GPU can resume. This is achieved by vga_switcheroo_init_domain_pm_ops(), which augments the GPU’s suspend/resume functions by the requisite calls to the handler.

When the audio device resumes, the GPU needs to be woken. This is achieved by a PCI quirk which calls device_link_add() to declare a dependency on the GPU. That way, the GPU is kept awake whenever and as long as the audio device is in use.

On muxed machines, if the mux is initially switched to the discrete GPU, the user ends up with a black screen when the GPU powers down after boot. As a workaround, the mux is forced to the integrated GPU on runtime suspend, cf. https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=75917

API¶

Public functions¶

int vga_switcheroo_register_handler(const struct vga_switcheroo_handler *handler, enum vga_switcheroo_handler_flags_t handler_flags)¶: register handler

Parameters

const struct vga_switcheroo_handler *handler: handler callbacks
enum vga_switcheroo_handler_flags_t handler_flags: handler flags

Description

Register handler. Enable vga_switcheroo if two vga clients have already registered.

Return

0 on success, -EINVAL if a handler was already registered.

void vga_switcheroo_unregister_handler(void)¶: unregister handler

Parameters

void: no arguments

Description

Unregister handler. Disable vga_switcheroo.

enum vga_switcheroo_handler_flags_t vga_switcheroo_handler_flags(void)¶: obtain handler flags

Parameters

void: no arguments

Description

Helper for clients to obtain the handler flags bitmask.

Return

Handler flags. A value of 0 means that no handler is registered or that the handler has no special capabilities.

int vga_switcheroo_register_client(struct pci_dev *pdev, const struct vga_switcheroo_client_ops *ops, bool driver_power_control)¶: register vga client

Parameters

struct pci_dev *pdev: client pci device
const struct vga_switcheroo_client_ops *ops: client callbacks
bool driver_power_control: whether power state is controlled by the driver’s runtime pm

Description

Register vga client (GPU). Enable vga_switcheroo if another GPU and a handler have already registered. The power state of the client is assumed to be ON. Beforehand, vga_switcheroo_client_probe_defer() shall be called to ensure that all prerequisites are met.

Return

0 on success, -ENOMEM on memory allocation error.

int vga_switcheroo_register_audio_client(struct pci_dev *pdev, const struct vga_switcheroo_client_ops *ops, struct pci_dev *vga_dev)¶: register audio client

Parameters

struct pci_dev *pdev: client pci device
const struct vga_switcheroo_client_ops *ops: client callbacks
struct pci_dev *vga_dev: pci device which is bound to current audio client

Description

Register audio client (audio device on a GPU). The client is assumed to use runtime PM. Beforehand, vga_switcheroo_client_probe_defer() shall be called to ensure that all prerequisites are met.

Return

0 on success, -ENOMEM on memory allocation error, -EINVAL on getting client id error.

bool vga_switcheroo_client_probe_defer(struct pci_dev *pdev)¶: whether to defer probing a given client

Parameters

struct pci_dev *pdev: client pci device

Description

Determine whether any prerequisites are not fulfilled to probe a given client. Drivers shall invoke this early on in their ->probe callback and return -EPROBE_DEFER if it evaluates to true. Thou shalt not register the client ere thou hast called this.

Return

true if probing should be deferred, otherwise false.

enum vga_switcheroo_state vga_switcheroo_get_client_state(struct pci_dev *pdev)¶: obtain power state of a given client

Parameters

struct pci_dev *pdev: client pci device

Description

Obtain power state of a given client as seen from vga_switcheroo. The function is only called from hda_intel.c.

Return

Power state.

void vga_switcheroo_unregister_client(struct pci_dev *pdev)¶: unregister client

Parameters

struct pci_dev *pdev: client pci device

Description

Unregister client. Disable vga_switcheroo if this is a vga client (GPU).

void vga_switcheroo_client_fb_set(struct pci_dev *pdev, struct fb_info *info)¶: set framebuffer of a given client

Parameters

struct pci_dev *pdev: client pci device
struct fb_info *info: framebuffer

Description

Set framebuffer of a given client. The console will be remapped to this on switching.

int vga_switcheroo_lock_ddc(struct pci_dev *pdev)¶: temporarily switch DDC lines to a given client

Parameters

struct pci_dev *pdev: client pci device

Description

Temporarily switch DDC lines to the client identified by pdev (but leave the outputs otherwise switched to where they are). This allows the inactive client to probe EDID. The DDC lines must afterwards be switched back by calling vga_switcheroo_unlock_ddc(), even if this function returns an error.

Return

Previous DDC owner on success or a negative int on error. Specifically, -ENODEV if no handler has registered or if the handler does not support switching the DDC lines. Also, a negative value returned by the handler is propagated back to the caller. The return value has merely an informational purpose for any caller which might be interested in it. It is acceptable to ignore the return value and simply rely on the result of the subsequent EDID probe, which will be NULL if DDC switching failed.

int vga_switcheroo_unlock_ddc(struct pci_dev *pdev)¶: switch DDC lines back to previous owner

Parameters

struct pci_dev *pdev: client pci device

Description

Switch DDC lines back to the previous owner after calling vga_switcheroo_lock_ddc(). This must be called even if vga_switcheroo_lock_ddc() returned an error.

Return

Previous DDC owner on success (i.e. the client identifier of pdev) or a negative int on error. Specifically, -ENODEV if no handler has registered or if the handler does not support switching the DDC lines. Also, a negative value returned by the handler is propagated back to the caller. Finally, invoking this function without calling vga_switcheroo_lock_ddc() first is not allowed and will result in -EINVAL.

int vga_switcheroo_process_delayed_switch(void)¶: helper for delayed switching

Parameters

void: no arguments

Description

Process a delayed switch if one is pending. DRM drivers should call this from their ->lastclose callback.

Return

0 on success. -EINVAL if no delayed switch is pending, if the client has unregistered in the meantime or if there are other clients blocking the switch. If the actual switch fails, an error is reported and 0 is returned.

int vga_switcheroo_init_domain_pm_ops(struct device *dev, struct dev_pm_domain *domain)¶: helper for driver power control

Parameters

struct device *dev: vga client device
struct dev_pm_domain *domain: power domain

Description

Helper for GPUs whose power state is controlled by the driver’s runtime pm. After the GPU has been suspended, the handler needs to be called to cut power to the GPU. Likewise it needs to reinstate power before the GPU can resume. To this end, this helper augments the suspend/resume functions by the requisite calls to the handler. It needs only be called on platforms where the power switch is separate to the device being powered down.

Public structures¶

struct vga_switcheroo_handler¶: handler callbacks

Definition

struct vga_switcheroo_handler {
  int (*init)(void);
  int (*switchto)(enum vga_switcheroo_client_id id);
  int (*switch_ddc)(enum vga_switcheroo_client_id id);
  int (*power_state)(enum vga_switcheroo_client_id id, enum vga_switcheroo_state state);
  enum vga_switcheroo_client_id (*get_client_id)(struct pci_dev *pdev);
};

Members

init: initialize handler. Optional. This gets called when vga_switcheroo is enabled, i.e. when two vga clients have registered. It allows the handler to perform some delayed initialization that depends on the existence of the vga clients. Currently only the radeon and amdgpu drivers use this. The return value is ignored
switchto: switch outputs to given client. Mandatory. For muxless machines this should be a no-op. Returning 0 denotes success, anything else failure (in which case the switch is aborted)
switch_ddc: switch DDC lines to given client. Optional. Should return the previous DDC owner on success or a negative int on failure
power_state: cut or reinstate power of given client. Optional. The return value is ignored
get_client_id: determine if given pci device is integrated or discrete GPU. Mandatory

Description

Handler callbacks. The multiplexer itself. The switchto and get_client_id methods are mandatory, all others may be set to NULL.

struct vga_switcheroo_client_ops¶: client callbacks

Definition

struct vga_switcheroo_client_ops {
  void (*set_gpu_state)(struct pci_dev *dev, enum vga_switcheroo_state);
  void (*reprobe)(struct pci_dev *dev);
  bool (*can_switch)(struct pci_dev *dev);
  void (*gpu_bound)(struct pci_dev *dev, enum vga_switcheroo_client_id);
};

Members

set_gpu_state: do the equivalent of suspend/resume for the card. Mandatory. This should not cut power to the discrete GPU, which is the job of the handler
reprobe: poll outputs. Optional. This gets called after waking the GPU and switching the outputs to it
can_switch: check if the device is in a position to switch now. Mandatory. The client should return false if a user space process has one of its device files open
gpu_bound: notify the client id to audio client when the GPU is bound.

Description

Client callbacks. A client can be either a GPU or an audio device on a GPU. The set_gpu_state and can_switch methods are mandatory, reprobe may be set to NULL. For audio clients, the reprobe member is bogus. OTOH, gpu_bound is only for audio clients, and not used for GPU clients.

Public constants¶

enum vga_switcheroo_handler_flags_t¶: handler flags bitmask

Constants

VGA_SWITCHEROO_CAN_SWITCH_DDC: whether the handler is able to switch the DDC lines separately. This signals to clients that they should call drm_get_edid_switcheroo() to probe the EDID
VGA_SWITCHEROO_NEEDS_EDP_CONFIG: whether the handler is unable to switch the AUX channel separately. This signals to clients that the active GPU needs to train the link and communicate the link parameters to the inactive GPU (mediated by vga_switcheroo). The inactive GPU may then skip the AUX handshake and set up its output with these pre-calibrated values (DisplayPort specification v1.1a, section 2.5.3.3)

Description

Handler flags bitmask. Used by handlers to declare their capabilities upon registering with vga_switcheroo.

enum vga_switcheroo_client_id¶: client identifier

Constants

VGA_SWITCHEROO_UNKNOWN_ID: initial identifier assigned to vga clients. Determining the id requires the handler, so GPUs are given their true id in a delayed fashion in vga_switcheroo_enable()
VGA_SWITCHEROO_IGD: integrated graphics device
VGA_SWITCHEROO_DIS: discrete graphics device
VGA_SWITCHEROO_MAX_CLIENTS: currently no more than two GPUs are supported

Description

Client identifier. Audio clients use the same identifier & 0x100.

enum vga_switcheroo_state¶: client power state

Constants

VGA_SWITCHEROO_OFF: off
VGA_SWITCHEROO_ON: on
VGA_SWITCHEROO_NOT_FOUND: client has not registered with vga_switcheroo. Only used in vga_switcheroo_get_client_state() which in turn is only called from hda_intel.c

Description

Client power state.

Private structures¶

struct vgasr_priv¶: vga_switcheroo private data

Definition

struct vgasr_priv {
  bool active;
  bool delayed_switch_active;
  enum vga_switcheroo_client_id delayed_client_id;
  struct dentry *debugfs_root;
  int registered_clients;
  struct list_head clients;
  const struct vga_switcheroo_handler *handler;
  enum vga_switcheroo_handler_flags_t handler_flags;
  struct mutex mux_hw_lock;
  int old_ddc_owner;
};

Members

active: whether vga_switcheroo is enabled. Prerequisite is the registration of two GPUs and a handler
delayed_switch_active: whether a delayed switch is pending
delayed_client_id: client to which a delayed switch is pending
debugfs_root: directory for vga_switcheroo debugfs interface
registered_clients: number of registered GPUs (counting only vga clients, not audio clients)
clients: list of registered clients
handler: registered handler
handler_flags: flags of registered handler
mux_hw_lock: protects mux state (in particular while DDC lines are temporarily switched)
old_ddc_owner: client to which DDC lines will be switched back on unlock

Description

vga_switcheroo private data. Currently only one vga_switcheroo instance per system is supported.

struct vga_switcheroo_client¶: registered client

Definition

struct vga_switcheroo_client {
  struct pci_dev *pdev;
  struct fb_info *fb_info;
  enum vga_switcheroo_state pwr_state;
  const struct vga_switcheroo_client_ops *ops;
  enum vga_switcheroo_client_id id;
  bool active;
  bool driver_power_control;
  struct list_head list;
  struct pci_dev *vga_dev;
};

Members

pdev: client pci device
fb_info: framebuffer to which console is remapped on switching
pwr_state: current power state if manual power control is used. For driver power control, call vga_switcheroo_pwr_state().
ops: client callbacks
id: client identifier. Determining the id requires the handler, so gpus are initially assigned VGA_SWITCHEROO_UNKNOWN_ID and later given their true id in vga_switcheroo_enable()
active: whether the outputs are currently switched to this client
driver_power_control: whether power state is controlled by the driver’s runtime pm. If true, writing ON and OFF to the vga_switcheroo debugfs interface is a no-op so as not to interfere with runtime pm
list: client list
vga_dev: pci device, indicate which GPU is bound to current audio client

Description

Registered client. A client can be either a GPU or an audio device on a GPU. For audio clients, the fb_info and active members are bogus. For GPU clients, the vga_dev is bogus.

Handlers¶

apple-gmux Handler¶

gmux is a microcontroller built into the MacBook Pro to support dual GPUs: A Lattice XP2 on pre-retinas, a Renesas R4F2113 on retinas.

(The MacPro6,1 2013 also has a gmux, however it is unclear why since it has dual GPUs but no built-in display.)

gmux is connected to the LPC bus of the southbridge. Its I/O ports are accessed differently depending on the microcontroller: Driver functions to access a pre-retina gmux are infixed _pio_, those for a retina gmux are infixed _index_.

gmux is also connected to a GPIO pin of the southbridge and thereby is able to trigger an ACPI GPE. On the MBP5 2008/09 it’s GPIO pin 22 of the Nvidia MCP79, on all following generations it’s GPIO pin 6 of the Intel PCH. The GPE merely signals that an interrupt occurred, the actual type of event is identified by reading a gmux register.

Graphics mux¶

On pre-retinas, the LVDS outputs of both GPUs feed into gmux which muxes either of them to the panel. One of the tricks gmux has up its sleeve is to lengthen the blanking interval of its output during a switch to synchronize it with the GPU switched to. This allows for a flicker-free switch that is imperceptible by the user (US 8,687,007 B2).

On retinas, muxing is no longer done by gmux itself, but by a separate chip which is controlled by gmux. The chip is triple sourced, it is either an NXP CBTL06142, TI HD3SS212 or Pericom PI3VDP12412. The panel is driven with eDP instead of LVDS since the pixel clock required for retina resolution exceeds LVDS’ limits.

Pre-retinas are able to switch the panel’s DDC pins separately. This is handled by a TI SN74LV4066A which is controlled by gmux. The inactive GPU can thus probe the panel’s EDID without switching over the entire panel. Retinas lack this functionality as the chips used for eDP muxing are incapable of switching the AUX channel separately (see the linked data sheets, Pericom would be capable but this is unused). However the retina panel has the NO_AUX_HANDSHAKE_LINK_TRAINING bit set in its DPCD, allowing the inactive GPU to skip the AUX handshake and set up the output with link parameters pre-calibrated by the active GPU.

The external DP port is only fully switchable on the first two unibody MacBook Pro generations, MBP5 2008/09 and MBP6 2010. This is done by an NXP CBTL06141 which is controlled by gmux. It’s the predecessor of the eDP mux on retinas, the difference being support for 2.7 versus 5.4 Gbit/s.

The following MacBook Pro generations replaced the external DP port with a combined DP/Thunderbolt port and lost the ability to switch it between GPUs, connecting it either to the discrete GPU or the Thunderbolt controller. Oddly enough, while the full port is no longer switchable, AUX and HPD are still switchable by way of an NXP CBTL03062 (on pre-retinas MBP8 2011 and MBP9 2012) or two TI TS3DS10224 (on retinas) under the control of gmux. Since the integrated GPU is missing the main link, external displays appear to it as phantoms which fail to link-train.

gmux receives the HPD signal of all display connectors and sends an interrupt on hotplug. On generations which cannot switch external ports, the discrete GPU can then be woken to drive the newly connected display. The ability to switch AUX on these generations could be used to improve reliability of hotplug detection by having the integrated GPU poll the ports while the discrete GPU is asleep, but currently we do not make use of this feature.

Our switching policy for the external port is that on those generations which are able to switch it fully, the port is switched together with the panel when IGD / DIS commands are issued to vga_switcheroo. It is thus possible to drive e.g. a beamer on battery power with the integrated GPU. The user may manually switch to the discrete GPU if more performance is needed.

On all newer generations, the external port can only be driven by the discrete GPU. If a display is plugged in while the panel is switched to the integrated GPU, both GPUs will be in use for maximum performance. To decrease power consumption, the user may manually switch to the discrete GPU, thereby suspending the integrated GPU.

gmux’ initial switch state on bootup is user configurable via the EFI variable gpu-power-prefs-fa4ce28d-b62f-4c99-9cc3-6815686e30f9 (5th byte, 1 = IGD, 0 = DIS). Based on this setting, the EFI firmware tells gmux to switch the panel and the external DP connector and allocates a framebuffer for the selected GPU.

Power control¶

gmux is able to cut power to the discrete GPU. It automatically takes care of the correct sequence to tear down and bring up the power rails for core voltage, VRAM and PCIe.

Backlight control¶

On single GPU MacBooks, the PWM signal for the backlight is generated by the GPU. On dual GPU MacBook Pros by contrast, either GPU may be suspended to conserve energy. Hence the PWM signal needs to be generated by a separate backlight driver which is controlled by gmux. The earliest generation MBP5 2008/09 uses a TI LP8543 backlight driver. All newer models use a TI LP8545.

Public functions¶

bool apple_gmux_present(void)¶: detect if gmux is built into the machine

Parameters

void: no arguments

Description

Drivers may use this to activate quirks specific to dual GPU MacBook Pros and Mac Pros, e.g. for deferred probing, runtime pm and backlight.

Return

true if gmux is present and the kernel was configured with CONFIG_APPLE_GMUX, false otherwise.