The Frame Buffer Device¶
Last revised: May 10, 2001
0. Introduction¶
The frame buffer device provides an abstraction for the graphics hardware. It represents the frame buffer of some video hardware and allows application software to access the graphics hardware through a well-defined interface, so the software doesn’t need to know anything about the low-level (hardware register) stuff.
The device is accessed through special device nodes, usually located in the /dev directory, i.e. /dev/fb*.
1. User’s View of /dev/fb*¶
From the user’s point of view, the frame buffer device looks just like any other device in /dev. It’s a character device using major 29; the minor specifies the frame buffer number.
By convention, the following device nodes are used (numbers indicate the device minor numbers):
0 = /dev/fb0 First frame buffer
1 = /dev/fb1 Second frame buffer
...
31 = /dev/fb31 32nd frame buffer
For backwards compatibility, you may want to create the following symbolic links:
/dev/fb0current -> fb0
/dev/fb1current -> fb1
and so on…
The frame buffer devices are also normal memory devices, this means, you can read and write their contents. You can, for example, make a screen snapshot by:
cp /dev/fb0 myfile
There also can be more than one frame buffer at a time, e.g. if you have a graphics card in addition to the built-in hardware. The corresponding frame buffer devices (/dev/fb0 and /dev/fb1 etc.) work independently.
Application software that uses the frame buffer device (e.g. the X server) will use /dev/fb0 by default (older software uses /dev/fb0current). You can specify an alternative frame buffer device by setting the environment variable $FRAMEBUFFER to the path name of a frame buffer device, e.g. (for sh/bash users):
export FRAMEBUFFER=/dev/fb1
or (for csh users):
setenv FRAMEBUFFER /dev/fb1
After this the X server will use the second frame buffer.
2. Programmer’s View of /dev/fb*¶
As you already know, a frame buffer device is a memory device like /dev/mem and it has the same features. You can read it, write it, seek to some location in it and mmap() it (the main usage). The difference is just that the memory that appears in the special file is not the whole memory, but the frame buffer of some video hardware.
/dev/fb* also allows several ioctls on it, by which lots of information about the hardware can be queried and set. The color map handling works via ioctls, too. Look into <linux/fb.h> for more information on what ioctls exist and on which data structures they work. Here’s just a brief overview:
- You can request unchangeable information about the hardware, like name, organization of the screen memory (planes, packed pixels, …) and address and length of the screen memory.
- You can request and change variable information about the hardware, like visible and virtual geometry, depth, color map format, timing, and so on. If you try to change that information, the driver maybe will round up some values to meet the hardware’s capabilities (or return EINVAL if that isn’t possible).
- You can get and set parts of the color map. Communication is done with 16 bits per color part (red, green, blue, transparency) to support all existing hardware. The driver does all the computations needed to apply it to the hardware (round it down to less bits, maybe throw away transparency).
All this hardware abstraction makes the implementation of application programs easier and more portable. E.g. the X server works completely on /dev/fb* and thus doesn’t need to know, for example, how the color registers of the concrete hardware are organized. XF68_FBDev is a general X server for bitmapped, unaccelerated video hardware. The only thing that has to be built into application programs is the screen organization (bitplanes or chunky pixels etc.), because it works on the frame buffer image data directly.
For the future it is planned that frame buffer drivers for graphics cards and
the like can be implemented as kernel modules that are loaded at runtime. Such
a driver just has to call register_framebuffer() and supply some functions.
Writing and distributing such drivers independently from the kernel will save
much trouble…
3. Frame Buffer Resolution Maintenance¶
Frame buffer resolutions are maintained using the utility fbset. It can change the video mode properties of a frame buffer device. Its main usage is to change the current video mode, e.g. during boot up in one of your /etc/rc.* or /etc/init.d/* files.
Fbset uses a video mode database stored in a configuration file, so you can easily add your own modes and refer to them with a simple identifier.
4. The X Server¶
The X server (XF68_FBDev) is the most notable application program for the frame buffer device. Starting with XFree86 release 3.2, the X server is part of XFree86 and has 2 modes:
If the Display subsection for the fbdev driver in the /etc/XF86Config file contains a:
Modes "default"line, the X server will use the scheme discussed above, i.e. it will start up in the resolution determined by /dev/fb0 (or $FRAMEBUFFER, if set). You still have to specify the color depth (using the Depth keyword) and virtual resolution (using the Virtual keyword) though. This is the default for the configuration file supplied with XFree86. It’s the most simple configuration, but it has some limitations.
Therefore it’s also possible to specify resolutions in the /etc/XF86Config file. This allows for on-the-fly resolution switching while retaining the same virtual desktop size. The frame buffer device that’s used is still /dev/fb0current (or $FRAMEBUFFER), but the available resolutions are defined by /etc/XF86Config now. The disadvantage is that you have to specify the timings in a different format (but fbset -x may help).
To tune a video mode, you can use fbset or xvidtune. Note that xvidtune doesn’t work 100% with XF68_FBDev: the reported clock values are always incorrect.
5. Video Mode Timings¶
A monitor draws an image on the screen by using an electron beam (3 electron beams for color models, 1 electron beam for monochrome monitors). The front of the screen is covered by a pattern of colored phosphors (pixels). If a phosphor is hit by an electron, it emits a photon and thus becomes visible.
The electron beam draws horizontal lines (scanlines) from left to right, and from the top to the bottom of the screen. By modifying the intensity of the electron beam, pixels with various colors and intensities can be shown.
After each scanline the electron beam has to move back to the left side of the screen and to the next line: this is called the horizontal retrace. After the whole screen (frame) was painted, the beam moves back to the upper left corner: this is called the vertical retrace. During both the horizontal and vertical retrace, the electron beam is turned off (blanked).
The speed at which the electron beam paints the pixels is determined by the dotclock in the graphics board. For a dotclock of e.g. 28.37516 MHz (millions of cycles per second), each pixel is 35242 ps (picoseconds) long:
1/(28.37516E6 Hz) = 35.242E-9 s
If the screen resolution is 640x480, it will take:
640*35.242E-9 s = 22.555E-6 s
to paint the 640 (xres) pixels on one scanline. But the horizontal retrace also takes time (e.g. 272 pixels), so a full scanline takes:
(640+272)*35.242E-9 s = 32.141E-6 s
We’ll say that the horizontal scanrate is about 31 kHz:
1/(32.141E-6 s) = 31.113E3 Hz
A full screen counts 480 (yres) lines, but we have to consider the vertical retrace too (e.g. 49 lines). So a full screen will take:
(480+49)*32.141E-6 s = 17.002E-3 s
The vertical scanrate is about 59 Hz:
1/(17.002E-3 s) = 58.815 Hz
This means the screen data is refreshed about 59 times per second. To have a stable picture without visible flicker, VESA recommends a vertical scanrate of at least 72 Hz. But the perceived flicker is very human dependent: some people can use 50 Hz without any trouble, while I’ll notice if it’s less than 80 Hz.
Since the monitor doesn’t know when a new scanline starts, the graphics board will supply a synchronization pulse (horizontal sync or hsync) for each scanline. Similarly it supplies a synchronization pulse (vertical sync or vsync) for each new frame. The position of the image on the screen is influenced by the moments at which the synchronization pulses occur.
The following picture summarizes all timings. The horizontal retrace time is the sum of the left margin, the right margin and the hsync length, while the vertical retrace time is the sum of the upper margin, the lower margin and the vsync length:
+----------+---------------------------------------------+----------+-------+
| | ↑ | | |
| | |upper_margin | | |
| | ↓ | | |
+----------###############################################----------+-------+
| # ↑ # | |
| # | # | |
| # | # | |
| # | # | |
| left # | # right | hsync |
| margin # | xres # margin | len |
|<-------->#<---------------+--------------------------->#<-------->|<----->|
| # | # | |
| # | # | |
| # | # | |
| # |yres # | |
| # | # | |
| # | # | |
| # | # | |
| # | # | |
| # | # | |
| # | # | |
| # | # | |
| # | # | |
| # ↓ # | |
+----------###############################################----------+-------+
| | ↑ | | |
| | |lower_margin | | |
| | ↓ | | |
+----------+---------------------------------------------+----------+-------+
| | ↑ | | |
| | |vsync_len | | |
| | ↓ | | |
+----------+---------------------------------------------+----------+-------+
The frame buffer device expects all horizontal timings in number of dotclocks (in picoseconds, 1E-12 s), and vertical timings in number of scanlines.
6. Converting XFree86 timing values info frame buffer device timings¶
An XFree86 mode line consists of the following fields:
"800x600" 50 800 856 976 1040 600 637 643 666
< name > DCF HR SH1 SH2 HFL VR SV1 SV2 VFL
The frame buffer device uses the following fields:
- pixclock: pixel clock in ps (pico seconds)
- left_margin: time from sync to picture
- right_margin: time from picture to sync
- upper_margin: time from sync to picture
- lower_margin: time from picture to sync
- hsync_len: length of horizontal sync
- vsync_len: length of vertical sync
Pixelclock:
xfree: in MHz
fb: in picoseconds (ps)
pixclock = 1000000 / DCF
horizontal timings:
left_margin = HFL - SH2
right_margin = SH1 - HR
hsync_len = SH2 - SH1
vertical timings:
upper_margin = VFL - SV2
lower_margin = SV1 - VR
vsync_len = SV2 - SV1
Good examples for VESA timings can be found in the XFree86 source tree, under “xc/programs/Xserver/hw/xfree86/doc/modeDB.txt”.
7. References¶
For more specific information about the frame buffer device and its applications, please refer to the Linux-fbdev website:
and to the following documentation:
The manual pages for fbset: fbset(8), fb.modes(5)
The manual pages for XFree86: XF68_FBDev(1), XF86Config(4/5)
The mighty kernel sources:
- linux/drivers/video/
- linux/include/linux/fb.h
- linux/include/video/
8. Mailing list¶
There is a frame buffer device related mailing list at kernel.org: linux-fbdev@vger.kernel.org.
Point your web browser to http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux-fbdev/ for subscription information and archive browsing.
9. Downloading¶
All necessary files can be found at
and on its mirrors.
The latest version of fbset can be found at
10. Credits¶
This readme was written by Geert Uytterhoeven, partly based on the original X-framebuffer.README by Roman Hodek and Martin Schaller. Section 6 was provided by Frank Neumann.
The frame buffer device abstraction was designed by Martin Schaller.