mac80211 subsystem (advanced)¶

Information contained within this part of the book is of interest only for advanced interaction of mac80211 with drivers to exploit more hardware capabilities and improve performance.

LED support¶

Mac80211 supports various ways of blinking LEDs. Wherever possible, device LEDs should be exposed as LED class devices and hooked up to the appropriate trigger, which will then be triggered appropriately by mac80211.

struct ieee80211_tpt_blink¶: throughput blink description

Definition

struct ieee80211_tpt_blink {
  int throughput;
  int blink_time;
};

Members

throughput: throughput in Kbit/sec
blink_time: blink time in milliseconds (full cycle, ie. one off + one on period)

enum ieee80211_tpt_led_trigger_flags¶: throughput trigger flags

Constants

IEEE80211_TPT_LEDTRIG_FL_RADIO: enable blinking with radio
IEEE80211_TPT_LEDTRIG_FL_WORK: enable blinking when working
IEEE80211_TPT_LEDTRIG_FL_CONNECTED: enable blinking when at least one interface is connected in some way, including being an AP

const char * ieee80211_get_tx_led_name(struct ieee80211_hw *hw)¶: get name of TX LED

Parameters

struct ieee80211_hw *hw: the hardware to get the LED trigger name for

Description

mac80211 creates a transmit LED trigger for each wireless hardware that can be used to drive LEDs if your driver registers a LED device. This function returns the name (or NULL if not configured for LEDs) of the trigger so you can automatically link the LED device.

Return

The name of the LED trigger. NULL if not configured for LEDs.

const char * ieee80211_get_rx_led_name(struct ieee80211_hw *hw)¶: get name of RX LED

Parameters

struct ieee80211_hw *hw: the hardware to get the LED trigger name for

Description

mac80211 creates a receive LED trigger for each wireless hardware that can be used to drive LEDs if your driver registers a LED device. This function returns the name (or NULL if not configured for LEDs) of the trigger so you can automatically link the LED device.

Return

The name of the LED trigger. NULL if not configured for LEDs.

const char * ieee80211_get_assoc_led_name(struct ieee80211_hw *hw)¶: get name of association LED

Parameters

struct ieee80211_hw *hw: the hardware to get the LED trigger name for

Description

mac80211 creates a association LED trigger for each wireless hardware that can be used to drive LEDs if your driver registers a LED device. This function returns the name (or NULL if not configured for LEDs) of the trigger so you can automatically link the LED device.

Return

The name of the LED trigger. NULL if not configured for LEDs.

const char * ieee80211_get_radio_led_name(struct ieee80211_hw *hw)¶: get name of radio LED

Parameters

struct ieee80211_hw *hw: the hardware to get the LED trigger name for

Description

mac80211 creates a radio change LED trigger for each wireless hardware that can be used to drive LEDs if your driver registers a LED device. This function returns the name (or NULL if not configured for LEDs) of the trigger so you can automatically link the LED device.

Return

The name of the LED trigger. NULL if not configured for LEDs.

const char * ieee80211_create_tpt_led_trigger(struct ieee80211_hw *hw, unsigned int flags, const struct ieee80211_tpt_blink *blink_table, unsigned int blink_table_len)¶: create throughput LED trigger

Parameters

struct ieee80211_hw *hw: the hardware to create the trigger for
unsigned int flags: trigger flags, see enum ieee80211_tpt_led_trigger_flags
const struct ieee80211_tpt_blink *blink_table: the blink table – needs to be ordered by throughput
unsigned int blink_table_len: size of the blink table

Return

NULL (in case of error, or if no LED triggers are configured) or the name of the new trigger.

Note

This function must be called before ieee80211_register_hw().

Hardware crypto acceleration¶

mac80211 is capable of taking advantage of many hardware acceleration designs for encryption and decryption operations.

The set_key() callback in the struct ieee80211_ops for a given device is called to enable hardware acceleration of encryption and decryption. The callback takes a sta parameter that will be NULL for default keys or keys used for transmission only, or point to the station information for the peer for individual keys. Multiple transmission keys with the same key index may be used when VLANs are configured for an access point.

When transmitting, the TX control data will use the hw_key_idx selected by the driver by modifying the struct ieee80211_key_conf pointed to by the key parameter to the set_key() function.

The set_key() call for the SET_KEY command should return 0 if the key is now in use, -EOPNOTSUPP or -ENOSPC if it couldn’t be added; if you return 0 then hw_key_idx must be assigned to the hardware key index, you are free to use the full u8 range.

Note that in the case that the IEEE80211_HW_SW_CRYPTO_CONTROL flag is set, mac80211 will not automatically fall back to software crypto if enabling hardware crypto failed. The set_key() call may also return the value 1 to permit this specific key/algorithm to be done in software.

When the cmd is DISABLE_KEY then it must succeed.

Note that it is permissible to not decrypt a frame even if a key for it has been uploaded to hardware, the stack will not make any decision based on whether a key has been uploaded or not but rather based on the receive flags.

The struct ieee80211_key_conf structure pointed to by the key parameter is guaranteed to be valid until another call to set_key() removes it, but it can only be used as a cookie to differentiate keys.

In TKIP some HW need to be provided a phase 1 key, for RX decryption acceleration (i.e. iwlwifi). Those drivers should provide update_tkip_key handler. The update_tkip_key() call updates the driver with the new phase 1 key. This happens every time the iv16 wraps around (every 65536 packets). The set_key() call will happen only once for each key (unless the AP did rekeying), it will not include a valid phase 1 key. The valid phase 1 key is provided by update_tkip_key only. The trigger that makes mac80211 call this handler is software decryption with wrap around of iv16.

The set_default_unicast_key() call updates the default WEP key index configured to the hardware for WEP encryption type. This is required for devices that support offload of data packets (e.g. ARP responses).

Mac80211 drivers should set the NL80211_EXT_FEATURE_CAN_REPLACE_PTK0 flag when they are able to replace in-use PTK keys according to the following requirements: 1) They do not hand over frames decrypted with the old key to

enum ieee80211_key_flags¶: key flags

Constants

IEEE80211_KEY_FLAG_GENERATE_IV_MGMT: This flag should be set by the driver for a CCMP/GCMP key to indicate that is requires IV generation only for management frames (MFP).
IEEE80211_KEY_FLAG_GENERATE_IV: This flag should be set by the driver to indicate that it requires IV generation for this particular key. Setting this flag does not necessarily mean that SKBs will have sufficient tailroom for ICV or MIC.
IEEE80211_KEY_FLAG_GENERATE_MMIC: This flag should be set by the driver for a TKIP key if it requires Michael MIC generation in software.
IEEE80211_KEY_FLAG_PAIRWISE: Set by mac80211, this flag indicates that the key is pairwise rather then a shared key.
IEEE80211_KEY_FLAG_SW_MGMT_TX: This flag should be set by the driver for a CCMP/GCMP key if it requires CCMP/GCMP encryption of management frames (MFP) to be done in software.
IEEE80211_KEY_FLAG_PUT_IV_SPACE: This flag should be set by the driver if space should be prepared for the IV, but the IV itself should not be generated. Do not set together with IEEE80211_KEY_FLAG_GENERATE_IV on the same key. Setting this flag does not necessarily mean that SKBs will have sufficient tailroom for ICV or MIC.
IEEE80211_KEY_FLAG_RX_MGMT: This key will be used to decrypt received management frames. The flag can help drivers that have a hardware crypto implementation that doesn’t deal with management frames properly by allowing them to not upload the keys to hardware and fall back to software crypto. Note that this flag deals only with RX, if your crypto engine can’t deal with TX you can also set the IEEE80211_KEY_FLAG_SW_MGMT_TX flag to encrypt such frames in SW.
IEEE80211_KEY_FLAG_RESERVE_TAILROOM: This flag should be set by the driver for a key to indicate that sufficient tailroom must always be reserved for ICV or MIC, even when HW encryption is enabled.
IEEE80211_KEY_FLAG_PUT_MIC_SPACE: This flag should be set by the driver for a TKIP key if it only requires MIC space. Do not set together with IEEE80211_KEY_FLAG_GENERATE_MMIC on the same key.
IEEE80211_KEY_FLAG_NO_AUTO_TX: Key needs explicit Tx activation.
IEEE80211_KEY_FLAG_GENERATE_MMIE: This flag should be set by the driver for a AES_CMAC key to indicate that it requires sequence number generation only

Description

These flags are used for communication about keys between the driver and mac80211, with the flags parameter of struct ieee80211_key_conf.

struct ieee80211_key_conf¶: key information

Definition

struct ieee80211_key_conf {
  atomic64_t tx_pn;
  u32 cipher;
  u8 icv_len;
  u8 iv_len;
  u8 hw_key_idx;
  s8 keyidx;
  u16 flags;
  u8 keylen;
  u8 key[];
};

Members

tx_pn: PN used for TX keys, may be used by the driver as well if it needs to do software PN assignment by itself (e.g. due to TSO)
cipher: The key’s cipher suite selector.
icv_len: The ICV length for this key type
iv_len: The IV length for this key type
hw_key_idx: To be set by the driver, this is the key index the driver wants to be given when a frame is transmitted and needs to be encrypted in hardware.
keyidx: the key index (0-3)
flags: key flags, see enum ieee80211_key_flags.
keylen: key material length
key: key material. For ALG_TKIP the key is encoded as a 256-bit (32 byte) data block: - Temporal Encryption Key (128 bits) - Temporal Authenticator Tx MIC Key (64 bits) - Temporal Authenticator Rx MIC Key (64 bits)

Description

This key information is given by mac80211 to the driver by the set_key() callback in struct ieee80211_ops.

enum set_key_cmd¶: key command

Constants

SET_KEY: a key is set
DISABLE_KEY: a key must be disabled

Description

Used with the set_key() callback in struct ieee80211_ops, this indicates whether a key is being removed or added.

void ieee80211_get_tkip_p1k_iv(struct ieee80211_key_conf *keyconf, u32 iv32, u16 *p1k)¶: get a TKIP phase 1 key for IV32

Parameters

struct ieee80211_key_conf *keyconf: the parameter passed with the set key
u32 iv32: IV32 to get the P1K for
u16 *p1k: a buffer to which the key will be written, as 5 u16 values

Description

This function returns the TKIP phase 1 key for the given IV32.

void ieee80211_get_tkip_p1k(struct ieee80211_key_conf *keyconf, struct sk_buff *skb, u16 *p1k)¶: get a TKIP phase 1 key

Parameters

struct ieee80211_key_conf *keyconf: the parameter passed with the set key
struct sk_buff *skb: the packet to take the IV32 value from that will be encrypted with this P1K
u16 *p1k: a buffer to which the key will be written, as 5 u16 values

Description

This function returns the TKIP phase 1 key for the IV32 taken from the given packet.

void ieee80211_get_tkip_p2k(struct ieee80211_key_conf *keyconf, struct sk_buff *skb, u8 *p2k)¶: get a TKIP phase 2 key

Parameters

struct ieee80211_key_conf *keyconf: the parameter passed with the set key
struct sk_buff *skb: the packet to take the IV32/IV16 values from that will be encrypted with this key
u8 *p2k: a buffer to which the key will be written, 16 bytes

Description

This function computes the TKIP RC4 key for the IV values in the packet.

Powersave support¶

mac80211 has support for various powersave implementations.

First, it can support hardware that handles all powersaving by itself, such hardware should simply set the IEEE80211_HW_SUPPORTS_PS hardware flag. In that case, it will be told about the desired powersave mode with the IEEE80211_CONF_PS flag depending on the association status. The hardware must take care of sending nullfunc frames when necessary, i.e. when entering and leaving powersave mode. The hardware is required to look at the AID in beacons and signal to the AP that it woke up when it finds traffic directed to it.

IEEE80211_CONF_PS flag enabled means that the powersave mode defined in IEEE 802.11-2007 section 11.2 is enabled. This is not to be confused with hardware wakeup and sleep states. Driver is responsible for waking up the hardware before issuing commands to the hardware and putting it back to sleep at appropriate times.

When PS is enabled, hardware needs to wakeup for beacons and receive the buffered multicast/broadcast frames after the beacon. Also it must be possible to send frames and receive the acknowledment frame.

Other hardware designs cannot send nullfunc frames by themselves and also need software support for parsing the TIM bitmap. This is also supported by mac80211 by combining the IEEE80211_HW_SUPPORTS_PS and IEEE80211_HW_PS_NULLFUNC_STACK flags. The hardware is of course still required to pass up beacons. The hardware is still required to handle waking up for multicast traffic; if it cannot the driver must handle that as best as it can, mac80211 is too slow to do that.

Dynamic powersave is an extension to normal powersave in which the hardware stays awake for a user-specified period of time after sending a frame so that reply frames need not be buffered and therefore delayed to the next wakeup. It’s compromise of getting good enough latency when there’s data traffic and still saving significantly power in idle periods.

Dynamic powersave is simply supported by mac80211 enabling and disabling PS based on traffic. Driver needs to only set IEEE80211_HW_SUPPORTS_PS flag and mac80211 will handle everything automatically. Additionally, hardware having support for the dynamic PS feature may set the IEEE80211_HW_SUPPORTS_DYNAMIC_PS flag to indicate that it can support dynamic PS mode itself. The driver needs to look at the dynamic_ps_timeout hardware configuration value and use it that value whenever IEEE80211_CONF_PS is set. In this case mac80211 will disable dynamic PS feature in stack and will just keep IEEE80211_CONF_PS enabled whenever user has enabled powersave.

Driver informs U-APSD client support by enabling IEEE80211_VIF_SUPPORTS_UAPSD flag. The mode is configured through the uapsd parameter in conf_tx() operation. Hardware needs to send the QoS Nullfunc frames and stay awake until the service period has ended. To utilize U-APSD, dynamic powersave is disabled for voip AC and all frames from that AC are transmitted with powersave enabled.

Note: U-APSD client mode is not yet supported with IEEE80211_HW_PS_NULLFUNC_STACK.

Beacon filter support¶

Some hardware have beacon filter support to reduce host cpu wakeups which will reduce system power consumption. It usually works so that the firmware creates a checksum of the beacon but omits all constantly changing elements (TSF, TIM etc). Whenever the checksum changes the beacon is forwarded to the host, otherwise it will be just dropped. That way the host will only receive beacons where some relevant information (for example ERP protection or WMM settings) have changed.

Beacon filter support is advertised with the IEEE80211_VIF_BEACON_FILTER interface capability. The driver needs to enable beacon filter support whenever power save is enabled, that is IEEE80211_CONF_PS is set. When power save is enabled, the stack will not check for beacon loss and the driver needs to notify about loss of beacons with ieee80211_beacon_loss().

The time (or number of beacons missed) until the firmware notifies the driver of a beacon loss event (which in turn causes the driver to call ieee80211_beacon_loss()) should be configurable and will be controlled by mac80211 and the roaming algorithm in the future.

Since there may be constantly changing information elements that nothing in the software stack cares about, we will, in the future, have mac80211 tell the driver which information elements are interesting in the sense that we want to see changes in them. This will include

a list of information element IDs

a list of OUIs for the vendor information element

Ideally, the hardware would filter out any beacons without changes in the requested elements, but if it cannot support that it may, at the expense of some efficiency, filter out only a subset. For example, if the device doesn’t support checking for OUIs it should pass up all changes in all vendor information elements.

Note that change, for the sake of simplification, also includes information elements appearing or disappearing from the beacon.

Some hardware supports an “ignore list” instead, just make sure nothing that was requested is on the ignore list, and include commonly changing information element IDs in the ignore list, for example 11 (BSS load) and the various vendor-assigned IEs with unknown contents (128, 129, 133-136, 149, 150, 155, 156, 173, 176, 178, 179, 219); for forward compatibility it could also include some currently unused IDs.

In addition to these capabilities, hardware should support notifying the host of changes in the beacon RSSI. This is relevant to implement roaming when no traffic is flowing (when traffic is flowing we see the RSSI of the received data packets). This can consist in notifying the host when the RSSI changes significantly or when it drops below or rises above configurable thresholds. In the future these thresholds will also be configured by mac80211 (which gets them from userspace) to implement them as the roaming algorithm requires.

If the hardware cannot implement this, the driver should ask it to periodically pass beacon frames to the host so that software can do the signal strength threshold checking.

void ieee80211_beacon_loss(struct ieee80211_vif *vif)¶: inform hardware does not receive beacons

Parameters

struct ieee80211_vif *vif: struct ieee80211_vif pointer from the add_interface callback.

Description

When beacon filtering is enabled with IEEE80211_VIF_BEACON_FILTER and IEEE80211_CONF_PS is set, the driver needs to inform whenever the hardware is not receiving beacons with this function.

Multiple queues and QoS support¶

TBD

struct ieee80211_tx_queue_params¶: transmit queue configuration

Definition

struct ieee80211_tx_queue_params {
  u16 txop;
  u16 cw_min;
  u16 cw_max;
  u8 aifs;
  bool acm;
  bool uapsd;
  bool mu_edca;
  struct ieee80211_he_mu_edca_param_ac_rec mu_edca_param_rec;
};

Members

txop: maximum burst time in units of 32 usecs, 0 meaning disabled
cw_min: minimum contention window [a value of the form 2^n-1 in the range 1..32767]
cw_max: maximum contention window [like cw_min]
aifs: arbitration interframe space [0..255]
acm: is mandatory admission control required for the access category
uapsd: is U-APSD mode enabled for the queue
mu_edca: is the MU EDCA configured
mu_edca_param_rec: MU EDCA Parameter Record for HE

Description

The information provided in this structure is required for QoS transmit queue configuration. Cf. IEEE 802.11 7.3.2.29.

Access point mode support¶

TBD

Some parts of the if_conf should be discussed here instead

Insert notes about VLAN interfaces with hw crypto here or in the hw crypto chapter.

support for powersaving clients¶

In order to implement AP and P2P GO modes, mac80211 has support for client powersaving, both “legacy” PS (PS-Poll/null data) and uAPSD. There currently is no support for sAPSD.

There is one assumption that mac80211 makes, namely that a client will not poll with PS-Poll and trigger with uAPSD at the same time. Both are supported, and both can be used by the same client, but they can’t be used concurrently by the same client. This simplifies the driver code.

The first thing to keep in mind is that there is a flag for complete driver implementation: IEEE80211_HW_AP_LINK_PS. If this flag is set, mac80211 expects the driver to handle most of the state machine for powersaving clients and will ignore the PM bit in incoming frames. Drivers then use ieee80211_sta_ps_transition() to inform mac80211 of stations’ powersave transitions. In this mode, mac80211 also doesn’t handle PS-Poll/uAPSD.

In the mode without IEEE80211_HW_AP_LINK_PS, mac80211 will check the PM bit in incoming frames for client powersave transitions. When a station goes to sleep, we will stop transmitting to it. There is, however, a race condition: a station might go to sleep while there is data buffered on hardware queues. If the device has support for this it will reject frames, and the driver should give the frames back to mac80211 with the IEEE80211_TX_STAT_TX_FILTERED flag set which will cause mac80211 to retry the frame when the station wakes up. The driver is also notified of powersave transitions by calling its sta_notify callback.

When the station is asleep, it has three choices: it can wake up, it can PS-Poll, or it can possibly start a uAPSD service period. Waking up is implemented by simply transmitting all buffered (and filtered) frames to the station. This is the easiest case. When the station sends a PS-Poll or a uAPSD trigger frame, mac80211 will inform the driver of this with the allow_buffered_frames callback; this callback is optional. mac80211 will then transmit the frames as usual and set the IEEE80211_TX_CTL_NO_PS_BUFFER on each frame. The last frame in the service period (or the only response to a PS-Poll) also has IEEE80211_TX_STATUS_EOSP set to indicate that it ends the service period; as this frame must have TX status report it also sets IEEE80211_TX_CTL_REQ_TX_STATUS. When TX status is reported for this frame, the service period is marked has having ended and a new one can be started by the peer.

Additionally, non-bufferable MMPDUs can also be transmitted by mac80211 with the IEEE80211_TX_CTL_NO_PS_BUFFER set in them.

Another race condition can happen on some devices like iwlwifi when there are frames queued for the station and it wakes up or polls; the frames that are already queued could end up being transmitted first instead, causing reordering and/or wrong processing of the EOSP. The cause is that allowing frames to be transmitted to a certain station is out-of-band communication to the device. To allow this problem to be solved, the driver can call ieee80211_sta_block_awake() if frames are buffered when it is notified that the station went to sleep. When all these frames have been filtered (see above), it must call the function again to indicate that the station is no longer blocked.

If the driver buffers frames in the driver for aggregation in any way, it must use the ieee80211_sta_set_buffered() call when it is notified of the station going to sleep to inform mac80211 of any TIDs that have frames buffered. Note that when a station wakes up this information is reset (hence the requirement to call it when informed of the station going to sleep). Then, when a service period starts for any reason, release_buffered_frames is called with the number of frames to be released and which TIDs they are to come from. In this case, the driver is responsible for setting the EOSP (for uAPSD) and MORE_DATA bits in the released frames, to help the more_data parameter is passed to tell the driver if there is more data on other TIDs – the TIDs to release frames from are ignored since mac80211 doesn’t know how many frames the buffers for those TIDs contain.

If the driver also implement GO mode, where absence periods may shorten service periods (or abort PS-Poll responses), it must filter those response frames except in the case of frames that are buffered in the driver – those must remain buffered to avoid reordering. Because it is possible that no frames are released in this case, the driver must call ieee80211_sta_eosp() to indicate to mac80211 that the service period ended anyway.

Finally, if frames from multiple TIDs are released from mac80211 but the driver might reorder them, it must clear & set the flags appropriately (only the last frame may have IEEE80211_TX_STATUS_EOSP) and also take care of the EOSP and MORE_DATA bits in the frame. The driver may also use ieee80211_sta_eosp() in this case.

Note that if the driver ever buffers frames other than QoS-data frames, it must take care to never send a non-QoS-data frame as the last frame in a service period, adding a QoS-nulldata frame after a non-QoS-data frame if needed.

enum ieee80211_frame_release_type¶: frame release reason

Constants

IEEE80211_FRAME_RELEASE_PSPOLL: frame released for PS-Poll
IEEE80211_FRAME_RELEASE_UAPSD: frame(s) released due to frame received on trigger-enabled AC

int ieee80211_sta_ps_transition(struct ieee80211_sta *sta, bool start)¶: PS transition for connected sta

Parameters

struct ieee80211_sta *sta: currently connected sta
bool start: start or stop PS

Description

When operating in AP mode with the IEEE80211_HW_AP_LINK_PS flag set, use this function to inform mac80211 about a connected station entering/leaving PS mode.

This function may not be called in IRQ context or with softirqs enabled.

Calls to this function for a single hardware must be synchronized against each other.

Return

0 on success. -EINVAL when the requested PS mode is already set.

int ieee80211_sta_ps_transition_ni(struct ieee80211_sta *sta, bool start)¶: PS transition for connected sta (in process context)

Parameters

struct ieee80211_sta *sta: currently connected sta
bool start: start or stop PS

Description

Like ieee80211_sta_ps_transition() but can be called in process context (internally disables bottom halves). Concurrent call restriction still applies.

Return

Like ieee80211_sta_ps_transition().

void ieee80211_sta_set_buffered(struct ieee80211_sta *sta, u8 tid, bool buffered)¶: inform mac80211 about driver-buffered frames

Parameters

struct ieee80211_sta *sta: struct ieee80211_sta pointer for the sleeping station
u8 tid: the TID that has buffered frames
bool buffered: indicates whether or not frames are buffered for this TID

Description

If a driver buffers frames for a powersave station instead of passing them back to mac80211 for retransmission, the station may still need to be told that there are buffered frames via the TIM bit.

This function informs mac80211 whether or not there are frames that are buffered in the driver for a given TID; mac80211 can then use this data to set the TIM bit (NOTE: This may call back into the driver’s set_tim call! Beware of the locking!)

If all frames are released to the station (due to PS-poll or uAPSD) then the driver needs to inform mac80211 that there no longer are frames buffered. However, when the station wakes up mac80211 assumes that all buffered frames will be transmitted and clears this data, drivers need to make sure they inform mac80211 about all buffered frames on the sleep transition (sta_notify() with STA_NOTIFY_SLEEP).

Note that technically mac80211 only needs to know this per AC, not per TID, but since driver buffering will inevitably happen per TID (since it is related to aggregation) it is easier to make mac80211 map the TID to the AC as required instead of keeping track in all drivers that use this API.

struct sk_buff * ieee80211_beacon_get(struct ieee80211_hw *hw, struct ieee80211_vif *vif)¶: beacon generation function

Parameters

struct ieee80211_hw *hw: pointer obtained from ieee80211_alloc_hw().
struct ieee80211_vif *vif: struct ieee80211_vif pointer from the add_interface callback.

Description

See ieee80211_beacon_get_tim().

Return

See ieee80211_beacon_get_tim().

struct sk_buff * ieee80211_get_buffered_bc(struct ieee80211_hw *hw, struct ieee80211_vif *vif)¶: accessing buffered broadcast and multicast frames

Parameters

struct ieee80211_hw *hw: pointer as obtained from ieee80211_alloc_hw().
struct ieee80211_vif *vif: struct ieee80211_vif pointer from the add_interface callback.

Description

Function for accessing buffered broadcast and multicast frames. If hardware/firmware does not implement buffering of broadcast/multicast frames when power saving is used, 802.11 code buffers them in the host memory. The low-level driver uses this function to fetch next buffered frame. In most cases, this is used when generating beacon frame.

Return

A pointer to the next buffered skb or NULL if no more buffered frames are available.

Note

buffered frames are returned only after DTIM beacon frame was generated with ieee80211_beacon_get() and the low-level driver must thus call ieee80211_beacon_get() first. ieee80211_get_buffered_bc() returns NULL if the previous generated beacon was not DTIM, so the low-level driver does not need to check for DTIM beacons separately and should be able to use common code for all beacons.

void ieee80211_sta_block_awake(struct ieee80211_hw *hw, struct ieee80211_sta *pubsta, bool block)¶: block station from waking up

Parameters

struct ieee80211_hw *hw: the hardware
struct ieee80211_sta *pubsta: the station
bool block: whether to block or unblock

Description

Some devices require that all frames that are on the queues for a specific station that went to sleep are flushed before a poll response or frames after the station woke up can be delivered to that it. Note that such frames must be rejected by the driver as filtered, with the appropriate status flag.

This function allows implementing this mode in a race-free manner.

To do this, a driver must keep track of the number of frames still enqueued for a specific station. If this number is not zero when the station goes to sleep, the driver must call this function to force mac80211 to consider the station to be asleep regardless of the station’s actual state. Once the number of outstanding frames reaches zero, the driver must call this function again to unblock the station. That will cause mac80211 to be able to send ps-poll responses, and if the station queried in the meantime then frames will also be sent out as a result of this. Additionally, the driver will be notified that the station woke up some time after it is unblocked, regardless of whether the station actually woke up while blocked or not.

void ieee80211_sta_eosp(struct ieee80211_sta *pubsta)¶: notify mac80211 about end of SP

Parameters

struct ieee80211_sta *pubsta: the station

Description

When a device transmits frames in a way that it can’t tell mac80211 in the TX status about the EOSP, it must clear the IEEE80211_TX_STATUS_EOSP bit and call this function instead. This applies for PS-Poll as well as uAPSD.

Note that just like with _tx_status() and _rx() drivers must not mix calls to irqsafe/non-irqsafe versions, this function must not be mixed with those either. Use the all irqsafe, or all non-irqsafe, don’t mix!

NB: the _irqsafe version of this function doesn’t exist, no: driver needs it right now. Don’t call this function if you’d need the _irqsafe version, look at the git history and restore the _irqsafe version!

Supporting multiple virtual interfaces¶

TBD

Note: WDS with identical MAC address should almost always be OK

Insert notes about having multiple virtual interfaces with different MAC addresses here, note which configurations are supported by mac80211, add notes about supporting hw crypto with it.

void ieee80211_iterate_active_interfaces(struct ieee80211_hw *hw, u32 iter_flags, void (*iterator)(void *data, u8 *mac, struct ieee80211_vif *vif), void *data)¶: iterate active interfaces

Parameters

struct ieee80211_hw *hw: the hardware struct of which the interfaces should be iterated over
u32 iter_flags: iteration flags, see enum ieee80211_interface_iteration_flags
void (*iterator)(void *data, u8 *mac, struct ieee80211_vif *vif): the iterator function to call
void *data: first argument of the iterator function

Description

This function iterates over the interfaces associated with a given hardware that are currently active and calls the callback for them. This function allows the iterator function to sleep, when the iterator function is atomic ieee80211_iterate_active_interfaces_atomic can be used. Does not iterate over a new interface during add_interface().

void ieee80211_iterate_active_interfaces_atomic(struct ieee80211_hw *hw, u32 iter_flags, void (*iterator)(void *data, u8 *mac, struct ieee80211_vif *vif), void *data)¶: iterate active interfaces

Parameters

struct ieee80211_hw *hw: the hardware struct of which the interfaces should be iterated over
u32 iter_flags: iteration flags, see enum ieee80211_interface_iteration_flags
void (*iterator)(void *data, u8 *mac, struct ieee80211_vif *vif): the iterator function to call, cannot sleep
void *data: first argument of the iterator function

Description

This function iterates over the interfaces associated with a given hardware that are currently active and calls the callback for them. This function requires the iterator callback function to be atomic, if that is not desired, use ieee80211_iterate_active_interfaces instead. Does not iterate over a new interface during add_interface().

Station handling¶

TODO

struct ieee80211_sta¶: station table entry

Definition

struct ieee80211_sta {
  u32 supp_rates[NUM_NL80211_BANDS];
  u8 addr[ETH_ALEN];
  u16 aid;
  struct ieee80211_sta_ht_cap ht_cap;
  struct ieee80211_sta_vht_cap vht_cap;
  struct ieee80211_sta_he_cap he_cap;
  struct ieee80211_he_6ghz_capa he_6ghz_capa;
  u16 max_rx_aggregation_subframes;
  bool wme;
  u8 uapsd_queues;
  u8 max_sp;
  u8 rx_nss;
  enum ieee80211_sta_rx_bandwidth bandwidth;
  enum ieee80211_smps_mode smps_mode;
  struct ieee80211_sta_rates __rcu *rates;
  bool tdls;
  bool tdls_initiator;
  bool mfp;
  u8 max_amsdu_subframes;
  u16 max_amsdu_len;
  bool support_p2p_ps;
  u16 max_rc_amsdu_len;
  u16 max_tid_amsdu_len[IEEE80211_NUM_TIDS];
  struct ieee80211_sta_txpwr txpwr;
  struct ieee80211_txq *txq[IEEE80211_NUM_TIDS + 1];
  u8 drv_priv[] ;
};

Members

supp_rates

Bitmap of supported rates (per band)

addr

MAC address

aid

AID we assigned to the station if we’re an AP

ht_cap

HT capabilities of this STA; restricted to our own capabilities

vht_cap

VHT capabilities of this STA; restricted to our own capabilities

he_cap

HE capabilities of this STA

he_6ghz_capa

on 6 GHz, holds the HE 6 GHz band capabilities

max_rx_aggregation_subframes

maximal amount of frames in a single AMPDU that this station is allowed to transmit to us. Can be modified by driver.

wme

indicates whether the STA supports QoS/WME (if local devices does, otherwise always false)

uapsd_queues

bitmap of queues configured for uapsd. Only valid if wme is supported. The bits order is like in IEEE80211_WMM_IE_STA_QOSINFO_AC_*.

max_sp

max Service Period. Only valid if wme is supported.

rx_nss

in HT/VHT, the maximum number of spatial streams the station can receive at the moment, changed by operating mode notifications and capabilities. The value is only valid after the station moves to associated state.

bandwidth

current bandwidth the station can receive with

smps_mode

current SMPS mode (off, static or dynamic)

rates

rate control selection table

tdls

indicates whether the STA is a TDLS peer

tdls_initiator

indicates the STA is an initiator of the TDLS link. Only valid if the STA is a TDLS peer in the first place.

mfp

indicates whether the STA uses management frame protection or not.

max_amsdu_subframes

indicates the maximal number of MSDUs in a single A-MSDU. Taken from the Extended Capabilities element. 0 means unlimited.

max_amsdu_len

indicates the maximal length of an A-MSDU in bytes. This field is always valid for packets with a VHT preamble. For packets with a HT preamble, additional limits apply:

If the skb is transmitted as part of a BA agreement, the A-MSDU maximal size is min(max_amsdu_len, 4065) bytes.
If the skb is not part of a BA agreement, the A-MSDU maximal size is min(max_amsdu_len, 7935) bytes.

Both additional HT limits must be enforced by the low level driver. This is defined by the spec (IEEE 802.11-2012 section 8.3.2.2 NOTE 2).

support_p2p_ps

indicates whether the STA supports P2P PS mechanism or not.

max_rc_amsdu_len

Maximum A-MSDU size in bytes recommended by rate control.

max_tid_amsdu_len

Maximum A-MSDU size in bytes for this TID

txpwr

the station tx power configuration

txq

per-TID data TX queues (if driver uses the TXQ abstraction); note that the last entry (IEEE80211_NUM_TIDS) is used for non-data frames

drv_priv

data area for driver use, will always be aligned to sizeof(void *), size is determined in hw information.

Description

A station table entry represents a station we are possibly communicating with. Since stations are RCU-managed in mac80211, any ieee80211_sta pointer you get access to must either be protected by rcu_read_lock() explicitly or implicitly, or you must take good care to not use such a pointer after a call to your sta_remove callback that removed it.

enum sta_notify_cmd¶: sta notify command

Constants

STA_NOTIFY_SLEEP: a station is now sleeping
STA_NOTIFY_AWAKE: a sleeping station woke up

Description

Used with the sta_notify() callback in struct ieee80211_ops, this indicates if an associated station made a power state transition.

struct ieee80211_sta * ieee80211_find_sta(struct ieee80211_vif *vif, const u8 *addr)¶: find a station

Parameters

struct ieee80211_vif *vif: virtual interface to look for station on
const u8 *addr: station’s address

Return

The station, if found. NULL otherwise.

Note

This function must be called under RCU lock and the resulting pointer is only valid under RCU lock as well.

struct ieee80211_sta * ieee80211_find_sta_by_ifaddr(struct ieee80211_hw *hw, const u8 *addr, const u8 *localaddr)¶: find a station on hardware

Parameters

struct ieee80211_hw *hw: pointer as obtained from ieee80211_alloc_hw()
const u8 *addr: remote station’s address
const u8 *localaddr: local address (vif->sdata->vif.addr). Use NULL for ‘any’.

Return

The station, if found. NULL otherwise.

Note

This function must be called under RCU lock and the resulting pointer is only valid under RCU lock as well.

NOTE

You may pass NULL for localaddr, but then you will just get: the first STA that matches the remote address ‘addr’. We can have multiple STA associated with multiple logical stations (e.g. consider a station connecting to another BSSID on the same AP hardware without disconnecting first). In this case, the result of this method with localaddr NULL is not reliable.

Description

DO NOT USE THIS FUNCTION with localaddr NULL if at all possible.

Hardware scan offload¶

TBD

void ieee80211_scan_completed(struct ieee80211_hw *hw, struct cfg80211_scan_info *info)¶: completed hardware scan

Parameters

struct ieee80211_hw *hw: the hardware that finished the scan
struct cfg80211_scan_info *info: information about the completed scan

Description

When hardware scan offload is used (i.e. the hw_scan() callback is assigned) this function needs to be called by the driver to notify mac80211 that the scan finished. This function can be called from any context, including hardirq context.

Aggregation¶

TX A-MPDU aggregation¶

Aggregation on the TX side requires setting the hardware flag IEEE80211_HW_AMPDU_AGGREGATION. The driver will then be handed packets with a flag indicating A-MPDU aggregation. The driver or device is responsible for actually aggregating the frames, as well as deciding how many and which to aggregate.

When TX aggregation is started by some subsystem (usually the rate control algorithm would be appropriate) by calling the ieee80211_start_tx_ba_session() function, the driver will be notified via its ampdu_action function, with the IEEE80211_AMPDU_TX_START action.

In response to that, the driver is later required to call the ieee80211_start_tx_ba_cb_irqsafe() function, which will really start the aggregation session after the peer has also responded. If the peer responds negatively, the session will be stopped again right away. Note that it is possible for the aggregation session to be stopped before the driver has indicated that it is done setting it up, in which case it must not indicate the setup completion.

Also note that, since we also need to wait for a response from the peer, the driver is notified of the completion of the handshake by the IEEE80211_AMPDU_TX_OPERATIONAL action to the ampdu_action callback.

Similarly, when the aggregation session is stopped by the peer or something calling ieee80211_stop_tx_ba_session(), the driver’s ampdu_action function will be called with the action IEEE80211_AMPDU_TX_STOP. In this case, the call must not fail, and the driver must later call ieee80211_stop_tx_ba_cb_irqsafe(). Note that the sta can get destroyed before the BA tear down is complete.

RX A-MPDU aggregation¶

Aggregation on the RX side requires only implementing the ampdu_action callback that is invoked to start/stop any block-ack sessions for RX aggregation.

When RX aggregation is started by the peer, the driver is notified via ampdu_action function, with the IEEE80211_AMPDU_RX_START action, and may reject the request in which case a negative response is sent to the peer, if it accepts it a positive response is sent.

While the session is active, the device/driver are required to de-aggregate frames and pass them up one by one to mac80211, which will handle the reorder buffer.

When the aggregation session is stopped again by the peer or ourselves, the driver’s ampdu_action function will be called with the action IEEE80211_AMPDU_RX_STOP. In this case, the call must not fail.

enum ieee80211_ampdu_mlme_action¶: A-MPDU actions

Constants

IEEE80211_AMPDU_RX_START: start RX aggregation
IEEE80211_AMPDU_RX_STOP: stop RX aggregation
IEEE80211_AMPDU_TX_START: start TX aggregation, the driver must either call ieee80211_start_tx_ba_cb_irqsafe() or call ieee80211_start_tx_ba_cb_irqsafe() with status IEEE80211_AMPDU_TX_START_DELAY_ADDBA to delay addba after ieee80211_start_tx_ba_cb_irqsafe is called, or just return the special status IEEE80211_AMPDU_TX_START_IMMEDIATE.
IEEE80211_AMPDU_TX_STOP_CONT: stop TX aggregation but continue transmitting queued packets, now unaggregated. After all packets are transmitted the driver has to call ieee80211_stop_tx_ba_cb_irqsafe().
IEEE80211_AMPDU_TX_STOP_FLUSH: stop TX aggregation and flush all packets, called when the station is removed. There’s no need or reason to call ieee80211_stop_tx_ba_cb_irqsafe() in this case as mac80211 assumes the session is gone and removes the station.
IEEE80211_AMPDU_TX_STOP_FLUSH_CONT: called when TX aggregation is stopped but the driver hasn’t called ieee80211_stop_tx_ba_cb_irqsafe() yet and now the connection is dropped and the station will be removed. Drivers should clean up and drop remaining packets when this is called.
IEEE80211_AMPDU_TX_OPERATIONAL: TX aggregation has become operational

Description

These flags are used with the ampdu_action() callback in struct ieee80211_ops to indicate which action is needed.

Note that drivers MUST be able to deal with a TX aggregation session being stopped even before they OK’ed starting it by calling ieee80211_start_tx_ba_cb_irqsafe, because the peer might receive the addBA frame and send a delBA right away!

Spatial Multiplexing Powersave (SMPS)¶

SMPS (Spatial multiplexing power save) is a mechanism to conserve power in an 802.11n implementation. For details on the mechanism and rationale, please refer to 802.11 (as amended by 802.11n-2009) “11.2.3 SM power save”.

The mac80211 implementation is capable of sending action frames to update the AP about the station’s SMPS mode, and will instruct the driver to enter the specific mode. It will also announce the requested SMPS mode during the association handshake. Hardware support for this feature is required, and can be indicated by hardware flags.

The default mode will be “automatic”, which nl80211/cfg80211 defines to be dynamic SMPS in (regular) powersave, and SMPS turned off otherwise.

To support this feature, the driver must set the appropriate hardware support flags, and handle the SMPS flag to the config() operation. It will then with this mechanism be instructed to enter the requested SMPS mode while associated to an HT AP.

enum ieee80211_smps_mode¶: spatial multiplexing power save mode

Constants

IEEE80211_SMPS_AUTOMATIC: automatic
IEEE80211_SMPS_OFF: off
IEEE80211_SMPS_STATIC: static
IEEE80211_SMPS_DYNAMIC: dynamic
IEEE80211_SMPS_NUM_MODES: internal, don’t use

void ieee80211_request_smps(struct ieee80211_vif *vif, enum ieee80211_smps_mode smps_mode)¶: request SM PS transition

Parameters

struct ieee80211_vif *vif: struct ieee80211_vif pointer from the add_interface callback.
enum ieee80211_smps_mode smps_mode: new SM PS mode

Description

This allows the driver to request an SM PS transition in managed mode. This is useful when the driver has more information than the stack about possible interference, for example by bluetooth.

TBD

This part of the book describes the rate control algorithm interface and how it relates to mac80211 and drivers.

Rate Control API¶

TBD

enum ieee80211_rate_control_changed¶: flags to indicate what changed

Constants

IEEE80211_RC_BW_CHANGED: The bandwidth that can be used to transmit to this station changed. The actual bandwidth is in the station information – for HT20/40 the IEEE80211_HT_CAP_SUP_WIDTH_20_40 flag changes, for HT and VHT the bandwidth field changes.
IEEE80211_RC_SMPS_CHANGED: The SMPS state of the station changed.
IEEE80211_RC_SUPP_RATES_CHANGED: The supported rate set of this peer changed (in IBSS mode) due to discovering more information about the peer.
IEEE80211_RC_NSS_CHANGED: N_SS (number of spatial streams) was changed by the peer

int ieee80211_start_tx_ba_session(struct ieee80211_sta *sta, u16 tid, u16 timeout)¶: Start a tx Block Ack session.

Parameters

struct ieee80211_sta *sta: the station for which to start a BA session
u16 tid: the TID to BA on.
u16 timeout: session timeout value (in TUs)

Return

success if addBA request was sent, failure otherwise

Description

Although mac80211/low level driver/user space application can estimate the need to start aggregation on a certain RA/TID, the session level will be managed by the mac80211.

void ieee80211_start_tx_ba_cb_irqsafe(struct ieee80211_vif *vif, const u8 *ra, u16 tid)¶: low level driver ready to aggregate.

Parameters

struct ieee80211_vif *vif: struct ieee80211_vif pointer from the add_interface callback
const u8 *ra: receiver address of the BA session recipient.
u16 tid: the TID to BA on.

Description

This function must be called by low level driver once it has finished with preparations for the BA session. It can be called from any context.

int ieee80211_stop_tx_ba_session(struct ieee80211_sta *sta, u16 tid)¶: Stop a Block Ack session.

Parameters

struct ieee80211_sta *sta: the station whose BA session to stop
u16 tid: the TID to stop BA.

Return

negative error if the TID is invalid, or no aggregation active

Description

Although mac80211/low level driver/user space application can estimate the need to stop aggregation on a certain RA/TID, the session level will be managed by the mac80211.

void ieee80211_stop_tx_ba_cb_irqsafe(struct ieee80211_vif *vif, const u8 *ra, u16 tid)¶: low level driver ready to stop aggregate.

Parameters

struct ieee80211_vif *vif: struct ieee80211_vif pointer from the add_interface callback
const u8 *ra: receiver address of the BA session recipient.
u16 tid: the desired TID to BA on.

Description

This function must be called by low level driver once it has finished with preparations for the BA session tear down. It can be called from any context.

struct ieee80211_tx_rate_control¶: rate control information for/from RC algo

Definition

struct ieee80211_tx_rate_control {
  struct ieee80211_hw *hw;
  struct ieee80211_supported_band *sband;
  struct ieee80211_bss_conf *bss_conf;
  struct sk_buff *skb;
  struct ieee80211_tx_rate reported_rate;
  bool rts, short_preamble;
  u32 rate_idx_mask;
  u8 *rate_idx_mcs_mask;
  bool bss;
};

Members

hw: The hardware the algorithm is invoked for.
sband: The band this frame is being transmitted on.
bss_conf: the current BSS configuration
skb: the skb that will be transmitted, the control information in it needs to be filled in
reported_rate: The rate control algorithm can fill this in to indicate which rate should be reported to userspace as the current rate and used for rate calculations in the mesh network.
rts: whether RTS will be used for this frame because it is longer than the RTS threshold
short_preamble: whether mac80211 will request short-preamble transmission if the selected rate supports it
rate_idx_mask: user-requested (legacy) rate mask
rate_idx_mcs_mask: user-requested MCS rate mask (NULL if not in use)
bss: whether this frame is sent out in AP or IBSS mode

TBD

This part of the book describes mac80211 internals.

Key handling¶

Key handling basics¶

Key handling in mac80211 is done based on per-interface (sub_if_data) keys and per-station keys. Since each station belongs to an interface, each station key also belongs to that interface.

Hardware acceleration is done on a best-effort basis for algorithms that are implemented in software, for each key the hardware is asked to enable that key for offloading but if it cannot do that the key is simply kept for software encryption (unless it is for an algorithm that isn’t implemented in software). There is currently no way of knowing whether a key is handled in SW or HW except by looking into debugfs.

All key management is internally protected by a mutex. Within all other parts of mac80211, key references are, just as STA structure references, protected by RCU. Note, however, that some things are unprotected, namely the key->sta dereferences within the hardware acceleration functions. This means that sta_info_destroy() must remove the key which waits for an RCU grace period.

MORE TBD¶

TBD

Receive processing¶

TBD

Transmit processing¶

TBD

Station info handling¶

Programming information¶

enum ieee80211_sta_info_flags¶: Stations flags

Constants

WLAN_STA_AUTH: Station is authenticated.
WLAN_STA_ASSOC: Station is associated.
WLAN_STA_PS_STA: Station is in power-save mode
WLAN_STA_AUTHORIZED: Station is authorized to send/receive traffic. This bit is always checked so needs to be enabled for all stations when virtual port control is not in use.
WLAN_STA_SHORT_PREAMBLE: Station is capable of receiving short-preamble frames.
WLAN_STA_WDS: Station is one of our WDS peers.
WLAN_STA_CLEAR_PS_FILT: Clear PS filter in hardware (using the IEEE80211_TX_CTL_CLEAR_PS_FILT control flag) when the next frame to this station is transmitted.
WLAN_STA_MFP: Management frame protection is used with this STA.
WLAN_STA_BLOCK_BA: Used to deny ADDBA requests (both TX and RX) during suspend/resume and station removal.
WLAN_STA_PS_DRIVER: driver requires keeping this station in power-save mode logically to flush frames that might still be in the queues
WLAN_STA_PSPOLL: Station sent PS-poll while driver was keeping station in power-save mode, reply when the driver unblocks.
WLAN_STA_TDLS_PEER: Station is a TDLS peer.
WLAN_STA_TDLS_PEER_AUTH: This TDLS peer is authorized to send direct packets. This means the link is enabled.
WLAN_STA_TDLS_INITIATOR: We are the initiator of the TDLS link with this station.
WLAN_STA_TDLS_CHAN_SWITCH: This TDLS peer supports TDLS channel-switching
WLAN_STA_TDLS_OFF_CHANNEL: The local STA is currently off-channel with this TDLS peer
WLAN_STA_TDLS_WIDER_BW: This TDLS peer supports working on a wider bw on the BSS base channel.
WLAN_STA_UAPSD: Station requested unscheduled SP while driver was keeping station in power-save mode, reply when the driver unblocks the station.
WLAN_STA_SP: Station is in a service period, so don’t try to reply to other uAPSD trigger frames or PS-Poll.
WLAN_STA_4ADDR_EVENT: 4-addr event was already sent for this frame.
WLAN_STA_INSERTED: This station is inserted into the hash table.
WLAN_STA_RATE_CONTROL: rate control was initialized for this station.
WLAN_STA_TOFFSET_KNOWN: toffset calculated for this station is valid.
WLAN_STA_MPSP_OWNER: local STA is owner of a mesh Peer Service Period.
WLAN_STA_MPSP_RECIPIENT: local STA is recipient of a MPSP.
WLAN_STA_PS_DELIVER: station woke up, but we’re still blocking TX until pending frames are delivered
WLAN_STA_USES_ENCRYPTION: This station was configured for encryption, so drop all packets without a key later.
NUM_WLAN_STA_FLAGS: number of defined flags

Description

These flags are used with struct sta_info’s flags member, but only indirectly with set_sta_flag() and friends.

struct sta_info¶: STA information

Definition

struct sta_info {
  struct list_head list, free_list;
  struct rcu_head rcu_head;
  struct rhlist_head hash_node;
  u8 addr[ETH_ALEN];
  struct ieee80211_local *local;
  struct ieee80211_sub_if_data *sdata;
  struct ieee80211_key __rcu *gtk[NUM_DEFAULT_KEYS +NUM_DEFAULT_MGMT_KEYS + NUM_DEFAULT_BEACON_KEYS];
  struct ieee80211_key __rcu *ptk[NUM_DEFAULT_KEYS];
  u8 ptk_idx;
  struct rate_control_ref *rate_ctrl;
  void *rate_ctrl_priv;
  spinlock_t rate_ctrl_lock;
  spinlock_t lock;
  struct ieee80211_fast_tx __rcu *fast_tx;
  struct ieee80211_fast_rx __rcu *fast_rx;
  struct ieee80211_sta_rx_stats __percpu *pcpu_rx_stats;
#ifdef CONFIG_MAC80211_MESH;
  struct mesh_sta *mesh;
#endif;
  struct work_struct drv_deliver_wk;
  u16 listen_interval;
  bool dead;
  bool removed;
  bool uploaded;
  enum ieee80211_sta_state sta_state;
  unsigned long _flags;
  spinlock_t ps_lock;
  struct sk_buff_head ps_tx_buf[IEEE80211_NUM_ACS];
  struct sk_buff_head tx_filtered[IEEE80211_NUM_ACS];
  unsigned long driver_buffered_tids;
  unsigned long txq_buffered_tids;
  u64 assoc_at;
  long last_connected;
  struct ieee80211_sta_rx_stats rx_stats;
  struct {
    struct ewma_signal signal;
    struct ewma_signal chain_signal[IEEE80211_MAX_CHAINS];
  } rx_stats_avg;
  __le16 last_seq_ctrl[IEEE80211_NUM_TIDS + 1];
  struct {
    unsigned long filtered;
    unsigned long retry_failed, retry_count;
    unsigned int lost_packets;
    unsigned long last_pkt_time;
    u64 msdu_retries[IEEE80211_NUM_TIDS + 1];
    u64 msdu_failed[IEEE80211_NUM_TIDS + 1];
    unsigned long last_ack;
    s8 last_ack_signal;
    bool ack_signal_filled;
    struct ewma_avg_signal avg_ack_signal;
  } status_stats;
  struct {
    u64 packets[IEEE80211_NUM_ACS];
    u64 bytes[IEEE80211_NUM_ACS];
    struct ieee80211_tx_rate last_rate;
    struct rate_info last_rate_info;
    u64 msdu[IEEE80211_NUM_TIDS + 1];
  } tx_stats;
  u16 tid_seq[IEEE80211_QOS_CTL_TID_MASK + 1];
  struct airtime_info airtime[IEEE80211_NUM_ACS];
  u16 airtime_weight;
  struct sta_ampdu_mlme ampdu_mlme;
#ifdef CONFIG_MAC80211_DEBUGFS;
  struct dentry *debugfs_dir;
#endif;
  enum ieee80211_sta_rx_bandwidth cur_max_bandwidth;
  enum ieee80211_smps_mode known_smps_mode;
  const struct ieee80211_cipher_scheme *cipher_scheme;
  struct codel_params cparams;
  u8 reserved_tid;
  struct cfg80211_chan_def tdls_chandef;
  struct ieee80211_sta sta;
};

Members

list: global linked list entry
free_list: list entry for keeping track of stations to free
rcu_head: RCU head used for freeing this station struct
hash_node: hash node for rhashtable
addr: station’s MAC address - duplicated from public part to let the hash table work with just a single cacheline
local: pointer to the global information
sdata: virtual interface this station belongs to
gtk: group keys negotiated with this station, if any
ptk: peer keys negotiated with this station, if any
ptk_idx: last installed peer key index
rate_ctrl: rate control algorithm reference
rate_ctrl_priv: rate control private per-STA pointer
rate_ctrl_lock: spinlock used to protect rate control data (data inside the algorithm, so serializes calls there)
lock: used for locking all fields that require locking, see comments in the header file.
fast_tx: TX fastpath information
fast_rx: RX fastpath information
pcpu_rx_stats: per-CPU RX statistics, assigned only if the driver needs this (by advertising the USES_RSS hw flag)
mesh: mesh STA information
drv_deliver_wk: used for delivering frames after driver PS unblocking
listen_interval: listen interval of this station, when we’re acting as AP
dead: set to true when sta is unlinked
removed: set to true when sta is being removed from sta_list
uploaded: set to true when sta is uploaded to the driver
sta_state: duplicates information about station state (for debug)
_flags: STA flags, see enum ieee80211_sta_info_flags, do not use directly
ps_lock: used for powersave (when mac80211 is the AP) related locking
ps_tx_buf: buffers (per AC) of frames to transmit to this station when it leaves power saving state or polls
tx_filtered: buffers (per AC) of frames we already tried to transmit but were filtered by hardware due to STA having entered power saving state, these are also delivered to the station when it leaves powersave or polls for frames
driver_buffered_tids: bitmap of TIDs the driver has data buffered on
txq_buffered_tids: bitmap of TIDs that mac80211 has txq data buffered on
assoc_at: clock boottime (in ns) of last association
last_connected: time (in seconds) when a station got connected
rx_stats: RX statistics
rx_stats_avg: averaged RX statistics
rx_stats_avg.signal: averaged signal
rx_stats_avg.chain_signal: averaged per-chain signal
last_seq_ctrl: last received seq/frag number from this STA (per TID plus one for non-QoS frames)
status_stats: TX status statistics
status_stats.filtered: # of filtered frames
status_stats.retry_failed: # of frames that failed after retry
status_stats.retry_count: # of retries attempted
status_stats.lost_packets: # of lost packets
status_stats.last_pkt_time: timestamp of last ACKed packet
status_stats.msdu_retries: # of MSDU retries
status_stats.msdu_failed: # of failed MSDUs
status_stats.last_ack: last ack timestamp (jiffies)
status_stats.last_ack_signal: last ACK signal
status_stats.ack_signal_filled: last ACK signal validity
status_stats.avg_ack_signal: average ACK signal
tx_stats: TX statistics
tx_stats.packets: # of packets transmitted
tx_stats.bytes: # of bytes in all packets transmitted
tx_stats.last_rate: last TX rate
tx_stats.msdu: # of transmitted MSDUs per TID
tid_seq: per-TID sequence numbers for sending to this STA
airtime: per-AC struct airtime_info describing airtime statistics for this station
airtime_weight: station weight for airtime fairness calculation purposes
ampdu_mlme: A-MPDU state machine state
debugfs_dir: debug filesystem directory dentry
cur_max_bandwidth: maximum bandwidth to use for TX to the station, taken from HT/VHT capabilities or VHT operating mode notification
known_smps_mode: the smps_mode the client thinks we are in. Relevant for AP only.
cipher_scheme: optional cipher scheme for this station
cparams: CoDel parameters for this station.
reserved_tid: reserved TID (if any, otherwise IEEE80211_TID_UNRESERVED)
tdls_chandef: a TDLS peer can have a wider chandef that is compatible to the BSS one.
sta: station information we share with the driver

Description

This structure collects information about a station that mac80211 is communicating with.

STA information lifetime rules¶

STA info structures (struct sta_info) are managed in a hash table for faster lookup and a list for iteration. They are managed using RCU, i.e. access to the list and hash table is protected by RCU.

Upon allocating a STA info structure with sta_info_alloc(), the caller owns that structure. It must then insert it into the hash table using either sta_info_insert() or sta_info_insert_rcu(); only in the latter case (which acquires an rcu read section but must not be called from within one) will the pointer still be valid after the call. Note that the caller may not do much with the STA info before inserting it, in particular, it may not start any mesh peer link management or add encryption keys.

When the insertion fails (sta_info_insert()) returns non-zero), the structure will have been freed by sta_info_insert()!

Station entries are added by mac80211 when you establish a link with a peer. This means different things for the different type of interfaces we support. For a regular station this mean we add the AP sta when we receive an association response from the AP. For IBSS this occurs when get to know about a peer on the same IBSS. For WDS we add the sta for the peer immediately upon device open. When using AP mode we add stations for each respective station upon request from userspace through nl80211.

In order to remove a STA info structure, various sta_info_destroy_*() calls are available.

There is no concept of ownership on a STA entry, each structure is owned by the global hash table/list until it is removed. All users of the structure need to be RCU protected so that the structure won’t be freed before they are done using it.

Aggregation Functions¶

struct tid_ampdu_tx¶: TID aggregation information (Tx).

Definition

struct tid_ampdu_tx {
  struct rcu_head rcu_head;
  struct timer_list session_timer;
  struct timer_list addba_resp_timer;
  struct sk_buff_head pending;
  struct sta_info *sta;
  unsigned long state;
  unsigned long last_tx;
  u16 timeout;
  u8 dialog_token;
  u8 stop_initiator;
  bool tx_stop;
  u16 buf_size;
  u16 failed_bar_ssn;
  bool bar_pending;
  bool amsdu;
  u8 tid;
};

Members

rcu_head: rcu head for freeing structure
session_timer: check if we keep Tx-ing on the TID (by timeout value)
addba_resp_timer: timer for peer’s response to addba request
pending: pending frames queue – use sta’s spinlock to protect
sta: station we are attached to
state: session state (see above)
last_tx: jiffies of last tx activity
timeout: session timeout value to be filled in ADDBA requests
dialog_token: dialog token for aggregation session
stop_initiator: initiator of a session stop
tx_stop: TX DelBA frame when stopping
buf_size: reorder buffer size at receiver
failed_bar_ssn: ssn of the last failed BAR tx attempt
bar_pending: BAR needs to be re-sent
amsdu: support A-MSDU withing A-MDPU
tid: TID number

Description

This structure’s lifetime is managed by RCU, assignments to the array holding it must hold the aggregation mutex.

The TX path can access it under RCU lock-free if, and only if, the state has the flag HT_AGG_STATE_OPERATIONAL set. Otherwise, the TX path must also acquire the spinlock and re-check the state, see comments in the tx code touching it.

struct tid_ampdu_rx¶: TID aggregation information (Rx).

Definition

struct tid_ampdu_rx {
  struct rcu_head rcu_head;
  spinlock_t reorder_lock;
  u64 reorder_buf_filtered;
  struct sk_buff_head *reorder_buf;
  unsigned long *reorder_time;
  struct sta_info *sta;
  struct timer_list session_timer;
  struct timer_list reorder_timer;
  unsigned long last_rx;
  u16 head_seq_num;
  u16 stored_mpdu_num;
  u16 ssn;
  u16 buf_size;
  u16 timeout;
  u8 tid;
  u8 auto_seq:1,removed:1, started:1;
};

Members

rcu_head: RCU head used for freeing this struct
reorder_lock: serializes access to reorder buffer, see below.
reorder_buf_filtered: bitmap indicating where there are filtered frames in the reorder buffer that should be ignored when releasing frames
reorder_buf: buffer to reorder incoming aggregated MPDUs. An MPDU may be an A-MSDU with individually reported subframes.
reorder_time: jiffies when skb was added
sta: station we are attached to
session_timer: check if peer keeps Tx-ing on the TID (by timeout value)
reorder_timer: releases expired frames from the reorder buffer.
last_rx: jiffies of last rx activity
head_seq_num: head sequence number in reordering buffer.
stored_mpdu_num: number of MPDUs in reordering buffer
ssn: Starting Sequence Number expected to be aggregated.
buf_size: buffer size for incoming A-MPDUs
timeout: reset timer value (in TUs).
tid: TID number
auto_seq: used for offloaded BA sessions to automatically pick head_seq_and and ssn.
removed: this session is removed (but might have been found due to RCU)
started: this session has started (head ssn or higher was received)

Description

This structure’s lifetime is managed by RCU, assignments to the array holding it must hold the aggregation mutex.

The reorder_lock is used to protect the members of this struct, except for timeout, buf_size and dialog_token, which are constant across the lifetime of the struct (the dialog token being used only for debugging).

struct sta_ampdu_mlme¶: STA aggregation information.

Definition

struct sta_ampdu_mlme {
  struct mutex mtx;
  struct tid_ampdu_rx __rcu *tid_rx[IEEE80211_NUM_TIDS];
  u8 tid_rx_token[IEEE80211_NUM_TIDS];
  unsigned long tid_rx_timer_expired[BITS_TO_LONGS(IEEE80211_NUM_TIDS)];
  unsigned long tid_rx_stop_requested[BITS_TO_LONGS(IEEE80211_NUM_TIDS)];
  unsigned long tid_rx_manage_offl[BITS_TO_LONGS(2 * IEEE80211_NUM_TIDS)];
  unsigned long agg_session_valid[BITS_TO_LONGS(IEEE80211_NUM_TIDS)];
  unsigned long unexpected_agg[BITS_TO_LONGS(IEEE80211_NUM_TIDS)];
  struct work_struct work;
  struct tid_ampdu_tx __rcu *tid_tx[IEEE80211_NUM_TIDS];
  struct tid_ampdu_tx *tid_start_tx[IEEE80211_NUM_TIDS];
  unsigned long last_addba_req_time[IEEE80211_NUM_TIDS];
  u8 addba_req_num[IEEE80211_NUM_TIDS];
  u8 dialog_token_allocator;
};

Members

mtx: mutex to protect all TX data (except non-NULL assignments to tid_tx[idx], which are protected by the sta spinlock) tid_start_tx is also protected by sta->lock.
tid_rx: aggregation info for Rx per TID – RCU protected
tid_rx_token: dialog tokens for valid aggregation sessions
tid_rx_timer_expired: bitmap indicating on which TIDs the RX timer expired until the work for it runs
tid_rx_stop_requested: bitmap indicating which BA sessions per TID the driver requested to close until the work for it runs
tid_rx_manage_offl: bitmap indicating which BA sessions were requested to be treated as started/stopped due to offloading
agg_session_valid: bitmap indicating which TID has a rx BA session open on
unexpected_agg: bitmap indicating which TID already sent a delBA due to unexpected aggregation related frames outside a session
work: work struct for starting/stopping aggregation
tid_tx: aggregation info for Tx per TID
tid_start_tx: sessions where start was requested
last_addba_req_time: timestamp of the last addBA request.
addba_req_num: number of times addBA request has been sent.
dialog_token_allocator: dialog token enumerator for each new session;

Synchronisation Functions¶

TBD

Locking, lots of RCU