Writing DeviceTree Bindings in json-schema

Devicetree bindings are written using json-schema vocabulary. Schema files are written in a JSON compatible subset of YAML. YAML is used instead of JSON as it is considered more human readable and has some advantages such as allowing comments (Prefixed with ‘#’).

Schema Contents

Each schema doc is a structured json-schema which is defined by a set of top-level properties. Generally, there is one binding defined per file. The top-level json-schema properties used are:

$id

A json-schema unique identifier string. The string must be a valid URI typically containing the binding’s filename and path. For DT schema, it must begin with “http://devicetree.org/schemas/”. The URL is used in constructing references to other files specified in schema “$ref” properties. A $ref value with a leading ‘/’ will have the hostname prepended. A $ref value a relative path or filename only will be prepended with the hostname and path components of the current schema file’s ‘$id’ value. A URL is used even for local files, but there may not actually be files present at those locations.

$schema

Indicates the meta-schema the schema file adheres to.

title

A one line description on the contents of the binding schema.

maintainers

A DT specific property. Contains a list of email address(es) for maintainers of this binding.

description

Optional. A multi-line text block containing any detailed information about this binding. It should contain things such as what the block or device does, standards the device conforms to, and links to datasheets for more information.

select

Optional. A json-schema used to match nodes for applying the schema. By default without ‘select’, nodes are matched against their possible compatible string values or node name. Most bindings should not need select.

allOf

Optional. A list of other schemas to include. This is used to include other schemas the binding conforms to. This may be schemas for a particular class of devices such as I2C or SPI controllers.

properties

A set of sub-schema defining all the DT properties for the binding. The exact schema syntax depends on whether properties are known, common properties (e.g. ‘interrupts’) or are binding/vendor specific properties.

A property can also define a child DT node with child properties defined under it.

For more details on properties sections, see ‘Property Schema’ section.

patternProperties

Optional. Similar to ‘properties’, but names are regex.

required

A list of DT properties from the ‘properties’ section that must always be present.

examples

Optional. A list of one or more DTS hunks implementing the binding. Note: YAML doesn’t allow leading tabs, so spaces must be used instead.

Unless noted otherwise, all properties are required.

Property Schema

The ‘properties’ section of the schema contains all the DT properties for a binding. Each property contains a set of constraints using json-schema vocabulary for that property. The properties schemas are what is used for validation of DT files.

For common properties, only additional constraints not covered by the common binding schema need to be defined such as how many values are valid or what possible values are valid.

Vendor specific properties will typically need more detailed schema. With the exception of boolean properties, they should have a reference to a type in schemas/types.yaml. A “description” property is always required.

The Devicetree schemas don’t exactly match the YAML encoded DT data produced by dtc. They are simplified to make them more compact and avoid a bunch of boilerplate. The tools process the schema files to produce the final schema for validation. There are currently 2 transformations the tools perform.

The default for arrays in json-schema is they are variable sized and allow more entries than explicitly defined. This can be restricted by defining ‘minItems’, ‘maxItems’, and ‘additionalItems’. However, for DeviceTree Schemas, a fixed size is desired in most cases, so these properties are added based on the number of entries in an ‘items’ list.

The YAML Devicetree format also makes all string values an array and scalar values a matrix (in order to define groupings) even when only a single value is present. Single entries in schemas are fixed up to match this encoding.

Testing

Dependencies

The DT schema project must be installed in order to validate the DT schema binding documents and validate DTS files using the DT schema. The DT schema project can be installed with pip:

pip3 install git+https://github.com/devicetree-org/dt-schema.git@master

Several executables (dt-doc-validate, dt-mk-schema, dt-validate) will be installed. Ensure they are in your PATH (~/.local/bin by default).

dtc must also be built with YAML output support enabled. This requires that libyaml and its headers be installed on the host system. For some distributions that involves installing the development package, such as:

Debian:

apt-get install libyaml-dev

Fedora:

dnf -y install libyaml-devel

Running checks

The DT schema binding documents must be validated using the meta-schema (the schema for the schema) to ensure they are both valid json-schema and valid binding schema. All of the DT binding documents can be validated using the dt_binding_check target:

make dt_binding_check

In order to perform validation of DT source files, use the dtbs_check target:

make dtbs_check

Note that dtbs_check will skip any binding schema files with errors. It is necessary to use dt_binding_check to get all the validation errors in the binding schema files.

It is possible to run both in a single command:

make dt_binding_check dtbs_check

It is also possible to run checks with a single schema file by setting the DT_SCHEMA_FILES variable to a specific schema file.

make dt_binding_check DT_SCHEMA_FILES=Documentation/devicetree/bindings/trivial-devices.yaml
make dtbs_check DT_SCHEMA_FILES=Documentation/devicetree/bindings/trivial-devices.yaml

json-schema Resources

JSON-Schema Specifications

Using JSON Schema Book