pandas.Series.ewm

Series.ewm(self, com=None, span=None, halflife=None, alpha=None, min_periods=0, adjust=True, ignore_na=False, axis=0, times=None)

Provide exponential weighted (EW) functions.

Available EW functions: mean(), var(), std(), corr(), cov().

Exactly one parameter: com, span, halflife, or alpha must be provided.

Parameters

comfloat, optional

Specify decay in terms of center of mass, \(\alpha = 1 / (1 + com)\), for \(com \geq 0\).

spanfloat, optional

Specify decay in terms of span, \(\alpha = 2 / (span + 1)\), for \(span \geq 1\).

halflifefloat, str, timedelta, optional

Specify decay in terms of half-life, \(\alpha = 1 - \exp\left(-\ln(2) / halflife\right)\), for \(halflife > 0\).

If times is specified, the time unit (str or timedelta) over which an observation decays to half its value. Only applicable to mean() and halflife value will not apply to the other functions.

New in version 1.1.0.

alphafloat, optional

Specify smoothing factor \(\alpha\) directly, \(0 < \alpha \leq 1\).

min_periodsint, default 0

Minimum number of observations in window required to have a value (otherwise result is NA).

adjustbool, default True

Divide by decaying adjustment factor in beginning periods to account for imbalance in relative weightings (viewing EWMA as a moving average).

• When adjust=True (default), the EW function is calculated using weights \(w_i = (1 - \alpha)^i\). For example, the EW moving average of the series [\(x_0, x_1, ..., x_t\)] would be:

\[y_t = \frac{x_t + (1 - \alpha)x_{t-1} + (1 - \alpha)^2 x_{t-2} + ... + (1 - \alpha)^t x_0}{1 + (1 - \alpha) + (1 - \alpha)^2 + ... + (1 - \alpha)^t}\]

• When adjust=False, the exponentially weighted function is calculated recursively:

\[\begin{split}\begin{split} y_0 &= x_0\\ y_t &= (1 - \alpha) y_{t-1} + \alpha x_t, \end{split}\end{split}\]

ignore_nabool, default False

Ignore missing values when calculating weights; specify True to reproduce pre-0.15.0 behavior.

• When ignore_na=False (default), weights are based on absolute positions. For example, the weights of \(x_0\) and \(x_2\) used in calculating the final weighted average of [\(x_0\), None, \(x_2\)] are \((1-\alpha)^2\) and \(1\) if adjust=True, and \((1-\alpha)^2\) and \(\alpha\) if adjust=False.

• When ignore_na=True (reproducing pre-0.15.0 behavior), weights are based on relative positions. For example, the weights of \(x_0\) and \(x_2\) used in calculating the final weighted average of [\(x_0\), None, \(x_2\)] are \(1-\alpha\) and \(1\) if adjust=True, and \(1-\alpha\) and \(\alpha\) if adjust=False.

axis{0, 1}, default 0

The axis to use. The value 0 identifies the rows, and 1 identifies the columns.

timesstr, np.ndarray, Series, default None

New in version 1.1.0.

Times corresponding to the observations. Must be monotonically increasing and datetime64[ns] dtype.

If str, the name of the column in the DataFrame representing the times.

If 1-D array like, a sequence with the same shape as the observations.

Only applicable to mean().

Returns

DataFrame

A Window sub-classed for the particular operation.

See also

rolling

Provides rolling window calculations.

expanding

Provides expanding transformations.

Notes

More details can be found at: Exponentially weighted windows.

Examples

>>> df = pd.DataFrame({'B': [0, 1, 2, np.nan, 4]})
>>> df
     B
0  0.0
1  1.0
2  2.0
3  NaN
4  4.0

>>> df.ewm(com=0.5).mean()
          B
0  0.000000
1  0.750000
2  1.615385
3  1.615385
4  3.670213

Specifying times with a timedelta halflife when computing mean.

>>> times = ['2020-01-01', '2020-01-03', '2020-01-10', '2020-01-15', '2020-01-17']
>>> df.ewm(halflife='4 days', times=pd.DatetimeIndex(times)).mean()
          B
0  0.000000
1  0.585786
2  1.523889
3  1.523889
4  3.233686

pandas.Series.equals pandas.Series.expanding