PROLOG | NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | RETURN VALUE | ERRORS | EXAMPLES | APPLICATION USAGE | RATIONALE | FUTURE DIRECTIONS | SEE ALSO | COPYRIGHT

POW(3P)                   POSIX Programmer's Manual                  POW(3P)

PROLOG         top

       This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.  The Linux
       implementation of this interface may differ (consult the
       corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or
       the interface may not be implemented on Linux.

NAME         top

       pow, powf, powl — power function

SYNOPSIS         top

       #include <math.h>
       double pow(double x, double y);
       float powf(float x, float y);
       long double powl(long double x, long double y);

DESCRIPTION         top

       The functionality described on this reference page is aligned with
       the ISO C standard. Any conflict between the requirements described
       here and the ISO C standard is unintentional. This volume of
       POSIX.1‐2008 defers to the ISO C standard.
       These functions shall compute the value of x raised to the power y,
       xy.  If x is negative, the application shall ensure that y is an
       integer value.
       An application wishing to check for error situations should set errno
       to zero and call feclearexcept(FE_ALL_EXCEPT) before calling these
       functions. On return, if errno is non-zero or fetestexcept(FE_INVALID
       | FE_DIVBYZERO | FE_OVERFLOW | FE_UNDERFLOW) is non-zero, an error
       has occurred.

RETURN VALUE         top

       Upon successful completion, these functions shall return the value of
       x raised to the power y.
       For finite values of x < 0, and finite non-integer values of y, a
       domain error shall occur and either a NaN (if representable), or an
       implementation-defined value shall be returned.
       If the correct value would cause overflow, a range error shall occur
       and pow(), powf(), and powl() shall return ±HUGE_VAL, ±HUGE_VALF, and
       ±HUGE_VALL, respectively, with the same sign as the correct value of
       the function.
       If the correct value would cause underflow, and is not representable,
       a range error may occur, and pow(), powf(), and powl() shall return
       0.0, or (if IEC 60559 Floating-Point is not supported) an
       implementation-defined value no greater in magnitude than DBL_MIN,
       FLT_MIN, and LDBL_MIN, respectively.
       For y < 0, if x is zero, a pole error may occur and pow(), powf(),
       and powl() shall return ±HUGE_VAL, ±HUGE_VALF, and ±HUGE_VALL,
       respectively.  On systems that support the IEC 60559 Floating-Point
       option, if x is ±0, a pole error shall occur and pow(), powf(), and
       powl() shall return ±HUGE_VAL, ±HUGE_VALF, and ±HUGE_VALL,
       respectively if y is an odd integer, or HUGE_VAL, HUGE_VALF, and
       HUGE_VALL, respectively if y is not an odd integer.
       If x or y is a NaN, a NaN shall be returned (unless specified
       elsewhere in this description).
       For any value of y (including NaN), if x is +1, 1.0 shall be
       returned.
       For any value of x (including NaN), if y is ±0, 1.0 shall be
       returned.
       For any odd integer value of y > 0, if x is ±0, ±0 shall be returned.
       For y > 0 and not an odd integer, if x is ±0, +0 shall be returned.
       If x is −1, and y is ±Inf, 1.0 shall be returned.
       For |x| < 1, if y is −Inf, +Inf shall be returned.
       For |x| > 1, if y is −Inf, +0 shall be returned.
       For |x| < 1, if y is +Inf, +0 shall be returned.
       For |x| > 1, if y is +Inf, +Inf shall be returned.
       For y an odd integer < 0, if x is −Inf, −0 shall be returned.
       For y < 0 and not an odd integer, if x is −Inf, +0 shall be returned.
       For y an odd integer > 0, if x is −Inf, −Inf shall be returned.
       For y > 0 and not an odd integer, if x is −Inf, +Inf shall be
       returned.
       For y < 0, if x is +Inf, +0 shall be returned.
       For y > 0, if x is +Inf, +Inf shall be returned.
       If the correct value would cause underflow, and is representable, a
       range error may occur and the correct value shall be returned.

ERRORS         top

       These functions shall fail if:
       Domain Error
                   The value of x is negative and y is a finite non-integer.
                   If the integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERRNO)
                   is non-zero, then errno shall be set to [EDOM].  If the
                   integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERREXCEPT) is
                   non-zero, then the invalid floating-point exception shall
                   be raised.
       Pole Error  The value of x is zero and y is negative.
                   If the integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERRNO)
                   is non-zero, then errno shall be set to [ERANGE].  If the
                   integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERREXCEPT) is
                   non-zero, then the divide-by-zero floating-point
                   exception shall be raised.
       Range Error The result overflows.
                   If the integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERRNO)
                   is non-zero, then errno shall be set to [ERANGE].  If the
                   integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERREXCEPT) is
                   non-zero, then the overflow floating-point exception
                   shall be raised.
       These functions may fail if:
       Pole Error  The value of x is zero and y is negative.
                   If the integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERRNO)
                   is non-zero, then errno shall be set to [ERANGE].  If the
                   integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERREXCEPT) is
                   non-zero, then the divide-by-zero floating-point
                   exception shall be raised.
       Range Error The result underflows.
                   If the integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERRNO)
                   is non-zero, then errno shall be set to [ERANGE].  If the
                   integer expression (math_errhandling & MATH_ERREXCEPT) is
                   non-zero, then the underflow floating-point exception
                   shall be raised.
       The following sections are informative.

EXAMPLES         top

       None.

APPLICATION USAGE         top

       On error, the expressions (math_errhandling & MATH_ERRNO) and
       (math_errhandling & MATH_ERREXCEPT) are independent of each other,
       but at least one of them must be non-zero.

RATIONALE         top

       None.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS         top

       None.

SEE ALSO         top

       exp(3p), feclearexcept(3p), fetestexcept(3p), isnan(3p)
       The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 4.19, Treatment
       of Error Conditions for Mathematical Functions, math.h(0p)

COPYRIGHT         top

       Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
       from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition, Standard for Information
       Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open
       Group Base Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the
       Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open
       Group.  (This is POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1
       applied.) In the event of any discrepancy between this version and
       the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and
       The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original
       Standard can be obtained online at http://www.unix.org/online.html .
       Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are
       most likely to have been introduced during the conversion of the
       source files to man page format. To report such errors, see
       https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .
IEEE/The Open Group                 2013                             POW(3P)

Pages that refer to this page: math.h(0p)log10(3p)