NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | TOOL SELECTION OPTIONS | BASIC OPTIONS | ERROR-RELATED OPTIONS | MALLOC()-RELATED OPTIONS | UNCOMMON OPTIONS | DEBUGGING VALGRIND OPTIONS | MEMCHECK OPTIONS | CACHEGRIND OPTIONS | CALLGRIND OPTIONS | HELGRIND OPTIONS | DRD OPTIONS | MASSIF OPTIONS | SGCHECK OPTIONS | BBV OPTIONS | LACKEY OPTIONS | SEE ALSO | AUTHOR | NOTES | COLOPHON

VALGRIND(1)                    Release 3.13.0                    VALGRIND(1)

NAME         top

       valgrind - a suite of tools for debugging and profiling programs

SYNOPSIS         top

       valgrind [valgrind-options] [your-program] [your-program-options]

DESCRIPTION         top

       Valgrind is a flexible program for debugging and profiling Linux
       executables. It consists of a core, which provides a synthetic CPU in
       software, and a series of debugging and profiling tools. The
       architecture is modular, so that new tools can be created easily and
       without disturbing the existing structure.
       Some of the options described below work with all Valgrind tools, and
       some only work with a few or one. The section MEMCHECK OPTIONS and
       those below it describe tool-specific options.
       This manual page covers only basic usage and options. For more
       comprehensive information, please see the HTML documentation on your
       system: $INSTALL/share/doc/valgrind/html/index.html, or online:
       http://www.valgrind.org/docs/manual/index.html.

TOOL SELECTION OPTIONS         top

       The single most important option.
       --tool=<toolname> [default: memcheck]
           Run the Valgrind tool called toolname, e.g. memcheck, cachegrind,
           callgrind, helgrind, drd, massif, lackey, none, exp-sgcheck,
           exp-bbv, exp-dhat, etc.

BASIC OPTIONS         top

       These options work with all tools.
       -h --help
           Show help for all options, both for the core and for the selected
           tool. If the option is repeated it is equivalent to giving
           --help-debug.
       --help-debug
           Same as --help, but also lists debugging options which usually
           are only of use to Valgrind's developers.
       --version
           Show the version number of the Valgrind core. Tools can have
           their own version numbers. There is a scheme in place to ensure
           that tools only execute when the core version is one they are
           known to work with. This was done to minimise the chances of
           strange problems arising from tool-vs-core version
           incompatibilities.
       -q, --quiet
           Run silently, and only print error messages. Useful if you are
           running regression tests or have some other automated test
           machinery.
       -v, --verbose
           Be more verbose. Gives extra information on various aspects of
           your program, such as: the shared objects loaded, the
           suppressions used, the progress of the instrumentation and
           execution engines, and warnings about unusual behaviour.
           Repeating the option increases the verbosity level.
       --trace-children=<yes|no> [default: no]
           When enabled, Valgrind will trace into sub-processes initiated
           via the exec system call. This is necessary for multi-process
           programs.
           Note that Valgrind does trace into the child of a fork (it would
           be difficult not to, since fork makes an identical copy of a
           process), so this option is arguably badly named. However, most
           children of fork calls immediately call exec anyway.
       --trace-children-skip=patt1,patt2,...
           This option only has an effect when --trace-children=yes is
           specified. It allows for some children to be skipped. The option
           takes a comma separated list of patterns for the names of child
           executables that Valgrind should not trace into. Patterns may
           include the metacharacters ?  and *, which have the usual
           meaning.
           This can be useful for pruning uninteresting branches from a tree
           of processes being run on Valgrind. But you should be careful
           when using it. When Valgrind skips tracing into an executable, it
           doesn't just skip tracing that executable, it also skips tracing
           any of that executable's child processes. In other words, the
           flag doesn't merely cause tracing to stop at the specified
           executables -- it skips tracing of entire process subtrees rooted
           at any of the specified executables.
       --trace-children-skip-by-arg=patt1,patt2,...
           This is the same as --trace-children-skip, with one difference:
           the decision as to whether to trace into a child process is made
           by examining the arguments to the child process, rather than the
           name of its executable.
       --child-silent-after-fork=<yes|no> [default: no]
           When enabled, Valgrind will not show any debugging or logging
           output for the child process resulting from a fork call. This can
           make the output less confusing (although more misleading) when
           dealing with processes that create children. It is particularly
           useful in conjunction with --trace-children=. Use of this option
           is also strongly recommended if you are requesting XML output
           (--xml=yes), since otherwise the XML from child and parent may
           become mixed up, which usually makes it useless.
       --vgdb=<no|yes|full> [default: yes]
           Valgrind will provide "gdbserver" functionality when --vgdb=yes
           or --vgdb=full is specified. This allows an external GNU GDB
           debugger to control and debug your program when it runs on
           Valgrind.  --vgdb=full incurs significant performance overheads,
           but provides more precise breakpoints and watchpoints. See
           Debugging your program using Valgrind's gdbserver and GDB for a
           detailed description.
           If the embedded gdbserver is enabled but no gdb is currently
           being used, the vgdb command line utility can send "monitor
           commands" to Valgrind from a shell. The Valgrind core provides a
           set of Valgrind monitor commands. A tool can optionally provide
           tool specific monitor commands, which are documented in the tool
           specific chapter.
       --vgdb-error=<number> [default: 999999999]
           Use this option when the Valgrind gdbserver is enabled with
           --vgdb=yes or --vgdb=full. Tools that report errors will wait for
           "number" errors to be reported before freezing the program and
           waiting for you to connect with GDB. It follows that a value of
           zero will cause the gdbserver to be started before your program
           is executed. This is typically used to insert GDB breakpoints
           before execution, and also works with tools that do not report
           errors, such as Massif.
       --vgdb-stop-at=<set> [default: none]
           Use this option when the Valgrind gdbserver is enabled with
           --vgdb=yes or --vgdb=full. The Valgrind gdbserver will be invoked
           for each error after --vgdb-error have been reported. You can
           additionally ask the Valgrind gdbserver to be invoked for other
           events, specified in one of the following ways:
           ·   a comma separated list of one or more of startup exit
               valgrindabexit.
               The values startupexitvalgrindabexit respectively indicate to
               invoke gdbserver before your program is executed, after the
               last instruction of your program, on Valgrind abnormal exit
               (e.g. internal error, out of memory, ...).
               Note: startup and --vgdb-error=0 will both cause Valgrind
               gdbserver to be invoked before your program is executed. The
               --vgdb-error=0 will in addition cause your program to stop on
               all subsequent errors.
           ·   all to specify the complete set. It is equivalent to
               --vgdb-stop-at=startup,exit,valgrindabexit.
           ·   none for the empty set.
       --track-fds=<yes|no> [default: no]
           When enabled, Valgrind will print out a list of open file
           descriptors on exit or on request, via the gdbserver monitor
           command v.info open_fds. Along with each file descriptor is
           printed a stack backtrace of where the file was opened and any
           details relating to the file descriptor such as the file name or
           socket details.
       --time-stamp=<yes|no> [default: no]
           When enabled, each message is preceded with an indication of the
           elapsed wallclock time since startup, expressed as days, hours,
           minutes, seconds and milliseconds.
       --log-fd=<number> [default: 2, stderr]
           Specifies that Valgrind should send all of its messages to the
           specified file descriptor. The default, 2, is the standard error
           channel (stderr). Note that this may interfere with the client's
           own use of stderr, as Valgrind's output will be interleaved with
           any output that the client sends to stderr.
       --log-file=<filename>
           Specifies that Valgrind should send all of its messages to the
           specified file. If the file name is empty, it causes an abort.
           There are three special format specifiers that can be used in the
           file name.
           %p is replaced with the current process ID. This is very useful
           for program that invoke multiple processes. WARNING: If you use
           --trace-children=yes and your program invokes multiple processes
           OR your program forks without calling exec afterwards, and you
           don't use this specifier (or the %q specifier below), the
           Valgrind output from all those processes will go into one file,
           possibly jumbled up, and possibly incomplete. Note: If the
           program forks and calls exec afterwards, Valgrind output of the
           child from the period between fork and exec will be lost.
           Fortunately this gap is really tiny for most programs; and modern
           programs use posix_spawn anyway.
           %n is replaced with a file sequence number unique for this
           process. This is useful for processes that produces several files
           from the same filename template.
           %q{FOO} is replaced with the contents of the environment variable
           FOO. If the {FOO} part is malformed, it causes an abort. This
           specifier is rarely needed, but very useful in certain
           circumstances (eg. when running MPI programs). The idea is that
           you specify a variable which will be set differently for each
           process in the job, for example BPROC_RANK or whatever is
           applicable in your MPI setup. If the named environment variable
           is not set, it causes an abort. Note that in some shells, the {
           and } characters may need to be escaped with a backslash.
           %% is replaced with %.
           If an % is followed by any other character, it causes an abort.
           If the file name specifies a relative file name, it is put in the
           program's initial working directory: this is the current
           directory when the program started its execution after the fork
           or after the exec. If it specifies an absolute file name (ie.
           starts with '/') then it is put there.
       --log-socket=<ip-address:port-number>
           Specifies that Valgrind should send all of its messages to the
           specified port at the specified IP address. The port may be
           omitted, in which case port 1500 is used. If a connection cannot
           be made to the specified socket, Valgrind falls back to writing
           output to the standard error (stderr). This option is intended to
           be used in conjunction with the valgrind-listener program. For
           further details, see the commentary in the manual.

ERROR-RELATED OPTIONS         top

       These options are used by all tools that can report errors, e.g.
       Memcheck, but not Cachegrind.
       --xml=<yes|no> [default: no]
           When enabled, the important parts of the output (e.g. tool error
           messages) will be in XML format rather than plain text.
           Furthermore, the XML output will be sent to a different output
           channel than the plain text output. Therefore, you also must use
           one of --xml-fd, --xml-file or --xml-socket to specify where the
           XML is to be sent.
           Less important messages will still be printed in plain text, but
           because the XML output and plain text output are sent to
           different output channels (the destination of the plain text
           output is still controlled by --log-fd, --log-file and
           --log-socket) this should not cause problems.
           This option is aimed at making life easier for tools that consume
           Valgrind's output as input, such as GUI front ends. Currently
           this option works with Memcheck, Helgrind, DRD and SGcheck. The
           output format is specified in the file
           docs/internals/xml-output-protocol4.txt in the source tree for
           Valgrind 3.5.0 or later.
           The recommended options for a GUI to pass, when requesting XML
           output, are: --xml=yes to enable XML output, --xml-file to send
           the XML output to a (presumably GUI-selected) file, --log-file to
           send the plain text output to a second GUI-selected file,
           --child-silent-after-fork=yes, and -q to restrict the plain text
           output to critical error messages created by Valgrind itself. For
           example, failure to read a specified suppressions file counts as
           a critical error message. In this way, for a successful run the
           text output file will be empty. But if it isn't empty, then it
           will contain important information which the GUI user should be
           made aware of.
       --xml-fd=<number> [default: -1, disabled]
           Specifies that Valgrind should send its XML output to the
           specified file descriptor. It must be used in conjunction with
           --xml=yes.
       --xml-file=<filename>
           Specifies that Valgrind should send its XML output to the
           specified file. It must be used in conjunction with --xml=yes.
           Any %p or %q sequences appearing in the filename are expanded in
           exactly the same way as they are for --log-file. See the
           description of --log-file for details.
       --xml-socket=<ip-address:port-number>
           Specifies that Valgrind should send its XML output the specified
           port at the specified IP address. It must be used in conjunction
           with --xml=yes. The form of the argument is the same as that used
           by --log-socket. See the description of --log-socket for further
           details.
       --xml-user-comment=<string>
           Embeds an extra user comment string at the start of the XML
           output. Only works when --xml=yes is specified; ignored
           otherwise.
       --demangle=<yes|no> [default: yes]
           Enable/disable automatic demangling (decoding) of C++ names.
           Enabled by default. When enabled, Valgrind will attempt to
           translate encoded C++ names back to something approaching the
           original. The demangler handles symbols mangled by g++ versions
           2.X, 3.X and 4.X.
           An important fact about demangling is that function names
           mentioned in suppressions files should be in their mangled form.
           Valgrind does not demangle function names when searching for
           applicable suppressions, because to do otherwise would make
           suppression file contents dependent on the state of Valgrind's
           demangling machinery, and also slow down suppression matching.
       --num-callers=<number> [default: 12]
           Specifies the maximum number of entries shown in stack traces
           that identify program locations. Note that errors are commoned up
           using only the top four function locations (the place in the
           current function, and that of its three immediate callers). So
           this doesn't affect the total number of errors reported.
           The maximum value for this is 500. Note that higher settings will
           make Valgrind run a bit more slowly and take a bit more memory,
           but can be useful when working with programs with deeply-nested
           call chains.
       --unw-stack-scan-thresh=<number> [default: 0] ,
       --unw-stack-scan-frames=<number> [default: 5]
           Stack-scanning support is available only on ARM targets.
           These flags enable and control stack unwinding by stack scanning.
           When the normal stack unwinding mechanisms -- usage of Dwarf CFI
           records, and frame-pointer following -- fail, stack scanning may
           be able to recover a stack trace.
           Note that stack scanning is an imprecise, heuristic mechanism
           that may give very misleading results, or none at all. It should
           be used only in emergencies, when normal unwinding fails, and it
           is important to nevertheless have stack traces.
           Stack scanning is a simple technique: the unwinder reads words
           from the stack, and tries to guess which of them might be return
           addresses, by checking to see if they point just after ARM or
           Thumb call instructions. If so, the word is added to the
           backtrace.
           The main danger occurs when a function call returns, leaving its
           return address exposed, and a new function is called, but the new
           function does not overwrite the old address. The result of this
           is that the backtrace may contain entries for functions which
           have already returned, and so be very confusing.
           A second limitation of this implementation is that it will scan
           only the page (4KB, normally) containing the starting stack
           pointer. If the stack frames are large, this may result in only a
           few (or not even any) being present in the trace. Also, if you
           are unlucky and have an initial stack pointer near the end of its
           containing page, the scan may miss all interesting frames.
           By default stack scanning is disabled. The normal use case is to
           ask for it when a stack trace would otherwise be very short. So,
           to enable it, use --unw-stack-scan-thresh=number. This requests
           Valgrind to try using stack scanning to "extend" stack traces
           which contain fewer than number frames.
           If stack scanning does take place, it will only generate at most
           the number of frames specified by --unw-stack-scan-frames.
           Typically, stack scanning generates so many garbage entries that
           this value is set to a low value (5) by default. In no case will
           a stack trace larger than the value specified by --num-callers be
           created.
       --error-limit=<yes|no> [default: yes]
           When enabled, Valgrind stops reporting errors after 10,000,000 in
           total, or 1,000 different ones, have been seen. This is to stop
           the error tracking machinery from becoming a huge performance
           overhead in programs with many errors.
       --error-exitcode=<number> [default: 0]
           Specifies an alternative exit code to return if Valgrind reported
           any errors in the run. When set to the default value (zero), the
           return value from Valgrind will always be the return value of the
           process being simulated. When set to a nonzero value, that value
           is returned instead, if Valgrind detects any errors. This is
           useful for using Valgrind as part of an automated test suite,
           since it makes it easy to detect test cases for which Valgrind
           has reported errors, just by inspecting return codes.
       --error-markers=<begin>,<end> [default: none]
           When errors are output as plain text (i.e. XML not used),
           --error-markers instructs to output a line containing the begin
           (end) string before (after) each error.
           Such marker lines facilitate searching for errors and/or
           extracting errors in an output file that contain valgrind errors
           mixed with the program output.
           Note that empty markers are accepted. So, only using a begin (or
           an end) marker is possible.
       --sigill-diagnostics=<yes|no> [default: yes]
           Enable/disable printing of illegal instruction diagnostics.
           Enabled by default, but defaults to disabled when --quiet is
           given. The default can always be explicitly overridden by giving
           this option.
           When enabled, a warning message will be printed, along with some
           diagnostics, whenever an instruction is encountered that Valgrind
           cannot decode or translate, before the program is given a SIGILL
           signal. Often an illegal instruction indicates a bug in the
           program or missing support for the particular instruction in
           Valgrind. But some programs do deliberately try to execute an
           instruction that might be missing and trap the SIGILL signal to
           detect processor features. Using this flag makes it possible to
           avoid the diagnostic output that you would otherwise get in such
           cases.
       --show-below-main=<yes|no> [default: no]
           By default, stack traces for errors do not show any functions
           that appear beneath main because most of the time it's
           uninteresting C library stuff and/or gobbledygook. Alternatively,
           if main is not present in the stack trace, stack traces will not
           show any functions below main-like functions such as glibc's
           __libc_start_main. Furthermore, if main-like functions are
           present in the trace, they are normalised as (below main), in
           order to make the output more deterministic.
           If this option is enabled, all stack trace entries will be shown
           and main-like functions will not be normalised.
       --fullpath-after=<string> [default: don't show source paths]
           By default Valgrind only shows the filenames in stack traces, but
           not full paths to source files. When using Valgrind in large
           projects where the sources reside in multiple different
           directories, this can be inconvenient.  --fullpath-after provides
           a flexible solution to this problem. When this option is present,
           the path to each source file is shown, with the following
           all-important caveat: if string is found in the path, then the
           path up to and including string is omitted, else the path is
           shown unmodified. Note that string is not required to be a prefix
           of the path.
           For example, consider a file named
           /home/janedoe/blah/src/foo/bar/xyzzy.c. Specifying
           --fullpath-after=/home/janedoe/blah/src/ will cause Valgrind to
           show the name as foo/bar/xyzzy.c.
           Because the string is not required to be a prefix,
           --fullpath-after=src/ will produce the same output. This is
           useful when the path contains arbitrary machine-generated
           characters. For example, the path
           /my/build/dir/C32A1B47/blah/src/foo/xyzzy can be pruned to
           foo/xyzzy using --fullpath-after=/blah/src/.
           If you simply want to see the full path, just specify an empty
           string: --fullpath-after=. This isn't a special case, merely a
           logical consequence of the above rules.
           Finally, you can use --fullpath-after multiple times. Any
           appearance of it causes Valgrind to switch to producing full
           paths and applying the above filtering rule. Each produced path
           is compared against all the --fullpath-after-specified strings,
           in the order specified. The first string to match causes the path
           to be truncated as described above. If none match, the full path
           is shown. This facilitates chopping off prefixes when the sources
           are drawn from a number of unrelated directories.
       --extra-debuginfo-path=<path> [default: undefined and unused]
           By default Valgrind searches in several well-known paths for
           debug objects, such as /usr/lib/debug/.
           However, there may be scenarios where you may wish to put debug
           objects at an arbitrary location, such as external storage when
           running Valgrind on a mobile device with limited local storage.
           Another example might be a situation where you do not have
           permission to install debug object packages on the system where
           you are running Valgrind.
           In these scenarios, you may provide an absolute path as an extra,
           final place for Valgrind to search for debug objects by
           specifying --extra-debuginfo-path=/path/to/debug/objects. The
           given path will be prepended to the absolute path name of the
           searched-for object. For example, if Valgrind is looking for the
           debuginfo for /w/x/y/zz.so and --extra-debuginfo-path=/a/b/c is
           specified, it will look for a debug object at /a/b/c/w/x/y/zz.so.
           This flag should only be specified once. If it is specified
           multiple times, only the last instance is honoured.
       --debuginfo-server=ipaddr:port [default: undefined and unused]
           This is a new, experimental, feature introduced in version 3.9.0.
           In some scenarios it may be convenient to read debuginfo from
           objects stored on a different machine. With this flag, Valgrind
           will query a debuginfo server running on ipaddr and listening on
           port port, if it cannot find the debuginfo object in the local
           filesystem.
           The debuginfo server must accept TCP connections on port port.
           The debuginfo server is contained in the source file
           auxprogs/valgrind-di-server.c. It will only serve from the
           directory it is started in.  port defaults to 1500 in both client
           and server if not specified.
           If Valgrind looks for the debuginfo for /w/x/y/zz.so by using the
           debuginfo server, it will strip the pathname components and
           merely request zz.so on the server. That in turn will look only
           in its current working directory for a matching debuginfo object.
           The debuginfo data is transmitted in small fragments (8 KB) as
           requested by Valgrind. Each block is compressed using LZO to
           reduce transmission time. The implementation has been tuned for
           best performance over a single-stage 802.11g (WiFi) network link.
           Note that checks for matching primary vs debug objects, using GNU
           debuglink CRC scheme, are performed even when using the debuginfo
           server. To disable such checking, you need to also specify
           --allow-mismatched-debuginfo=yes.
           By default the Valgrind build system will build
           valgrind-di-server for the target platform, which is almost
           certainly not what you want. So far we have been unable to find
           out how to get automake/autoconf to build it for the build
           platform. If you want to use it, you will have to recompile it by
           hand using the command shown at the top of
           auxprogs/valgrind-di-server.c.
       --allow-mismatched-debuginfo=no|yes [no]
           When reading debuginfo from separate debuginfo objects, Valgrind
           will by default check that the main and debuginfo objects match,
           using the GNU debuglink mechanism. This guarantees that it does
           not read debuginfo from out of date debuginfo objects, and also
           ensures that Valgrind can't crash as a result of mismatches.
           This check can be overridden using
           --allow-mismatched-debuginfo=yes. This may be useful when the
           debuginfo and main objects have not been split in the proper way.
           Be careful when using this, though: it disables all consistency
           checking, and Valgrind has been observed to crash when the main
           and debuginfo objects don't match.
       --suppressions=<filename> [default:
       $PREFIX/lib/valgrind/default.supp]
           Specifies an extra file from which to read descriptions of errors
           to suppress. You may use up to 100 extra suppression files.
       --gen-suppressions=<yes|no|all> [default: no]
           When set to yes, Valgrind will pause after every error shown and
           print the line:
                   ---- Print suppression ? --- [Return/N/n/Y/y/C/c] ----
           Pressing Ret, or N Ret or n Ret, causes Valgrind continue
           execution without printing a suppression for this error.
           Pressing Y Ret or y Ret causes Valgrind to write a suppression
           for this error. You can then cut and paste it into a suppression
           file if you don't want to hear about the error in the future.
           When set to all, Valgrind will print a suppression for every
           reported error, without querying the user.
           This option is particularly useful with C++ programs, as it
           prints out the suppressions with mangled names, as required.
           Note that the suppressions printed are as specific as possible.
           You may want to common up similar ones, by adding wildcards to
           function names, and by using frame-level wildcards. The
           wildcarding facilities are powerful yet flexible, and with a bit
           of careful editing, you may be able to suppress a whole family of
           related errors with only a few suppressions.
           Sometimes two different errors are suppressed by the same
           suppression, in which case Valgrind will output the suppression
           more than once, but you only need to have one copy in your
           suppression file (but having more than one won't cause problems).
           Also, the suppression name is given as <insert a suppression name
           here>; the name doesn't really matter, it's only used with the -v
           option which prints out all used suppression records.
       --input-fd=<number> [default: 0, stdin]
           When using --gen-suppressions=yes, Valgrind will stop so as to
           read keyboard input from you when each error occurs. By default
           it reads from the standard input (stdin), which is problematic
           for programs which close stdin. This option allows you to specify
           an alternative file descriptor from which to read input.
       --dsymutil=no|yes [yes]
           This option is only relevant when running Valgrind on Mac OS X.
           Mac OS X uses a deferred debug information (debuginfo) linking
           scheme. When object files containing debuginfo are linked into a
           .dylib or an executable, the debuginfo is not copied into the
           final file. Instead, the debuginfo must be linked manually by
           running dsymutil, a system-provided utility, on the executable or
           .dylib. The resulting combined debuginfo is placed in a directory
           alongside the executable or .dylib, but with the extension .dSYM.
           With --dsymutil=no, Valgrind will detect cases where the .dSYM
           directory is either missing, or is present but does not appear to
           match the associated executable or .dylib, most likely because it
           is out of date. In these cases, Valgrind will print a warning
           message but take no further action.
           With --dsymutil=yes, Valgrind will, in such cases, automatically
           run dsymutil as necessary to bring the debuginfo up to date. For
           all practical purposes, if you always use --dsymutil=yes, then
           there is never any need to run dsymutil manually or as part of
           your applications's build system, since Valgrind will run it as
           necessary.
           Valgrind will not attempt to run dsymutil on any executable or
           library in /usr/, /bin/, /sbin/, /opt/, /sw/, /System/, /Library/
           or /Applications/ since dsymutil will always fail in such
           situations. It fails both because the debuginfo for such
           pre-installed system components is not available anywhere, and
           also because it would require write privileges in those
           directories.
           Be careful when using --dsymutil=yes, since it will cause
           pre-existing .dSYM directories to be silently deleted and
           re-created. Also note that dsymutil is quite slow, sometimes
           excessively so.
       --max-stackframe=<number> [default: 2000000]
           The maximum size of a stack frame. If the stack pointer moves by
           more than this amount then Valgrind will assume that the program
           is switching to a different stack.
           You may need to use this option if your program has large
           stack-allocated arrays. Valgrind keeps track of your program's
           stack pointer. If it changes by more than the threshold amount,
           Valgrind assumes your program is switching to a different stack,
           and Memcheck behaves differently than it would for a stack
           pointer change smaller than the threshold. Usually this heuristic
           works well. However, if your program allocates large structures
           on the stack, this heuristic will be fooled, and Memcheck will
           subsequently report large numbers of invalid stack accesses. This
           option allows you to change the threshold to a different value.
           You should only consider use of this option if Valgrind's debug
           output directs you to do so. In that case it will tell you the
           new threshold you should specify.
           In general, allocating large structures on the stack is a bad
           idea, because you can easily run out of stack space, especially
           on systems with limited memory or which expect to support large
           numbers of threads each with a small stack, and also because the
           error checking performed by Memcheck is more effective for
           heap-allocated data than for stack-allocated data. If you have to
           use this option, you may wish to consider rewriting your code to
           allocate on the heap rather than on the stack.
       --main-stacksize=<number> [default: use current 'ulimit' value]
           Specifies the size of the main thread's stack.
           To simplify its memory management, Valgrind reserves all required
           space for the main thread's stack at startup. That means it needs
           to know the required stack size at startup.
           By default, Valgrind uses the current "ulimit" value for the
           stack size, or 16 MB, whichever is lower. In many cases this
           gives a stack size in the range 8 to 16 MB, which almost never
           overflows for most applications.
           If you need a larger total stack size, use --main-stacksize to
           specify it. Only set it as high as you need, since reserving far
           more space than you need (that is, hundreds of megabytes more
           than you need) constrains Valgrind's memory allocators and may
           reduce the total amount of memory that Valgrind can use. This is
           only really of significance on 32-bit machines.
           On Linux, you may request a stack of size up to 2GB. Valgrind
           will stop with a diagnostic message if the stack cannot be
           allocated.
           --main-stacksize only affects the stack size for the program's
           initial thread. It has no bearing on the size of thread stacks,
           as Valgrind does not allocate those.
           You may need to use both --main-stacksize and --max-stackframe
           together. It is important to understand that --main-stacksize
           sets the maximum total stack size, whilst --max-stackframe
           specifies the largest size of any one stack frame. You will have
           to work out the --main-stacksize value for yourself (usually, if
           your applications segfaults). But Valgrind will tell you the
           needed --max-stackframe size, if necessary.
           As discussed further in the description of --max-stackframe, a
           requirement for a large stack is a sign of potential portability
           problems. You are best advised to place all large data in
           heap-allocated memory.
       --max-threads=<number> [default: 500]
           By default, Valgrind can handle to up to 500 threads.
           Occasionally, that number is too small. Use this option to
           provide a different limit. E.g.  --max-threads=3000.

MALLOC()-RELATED OPTIONS         top

       For tools that use their own version of malloc (e.g. Memcheck,
       Massif, Helgrind, DRD), the following options apply.
       --alignment=<number> [default: 8 or 16, depending on the platform]
           By default Valgrind's malloc, realloc, etc, return a block whose
           starting address is 8-byte aligned or 16-byte aligned (the value
           depends on the platform and matches the platform default). This
           option allows you to specify a different alignment. The supplied
           value must be greater than or equal to the default, less than or
           equal to 4096, and must be a power of two.
       --redzone-size=<number> [default: depends on the tool]
           Valgrind's malloc, realloc, etc, add padding blocks before and
           after each heap block allocated by the program being run. Such
           padding blocks are called redzones. The default value for the
           redzone size depends on the tool. For example, Memcheck adds and
           protects a minimum of 16 bytes before and after each block
           allocated by the client. This allows it to detect block underruns
           or overruns of up to 16 bytes.
           Increasing the redzone size makes it possible to detect overruns
           of larger distances, but increases the amount of memory used by
           Valgrind. Decreasing the redzone size will reduce the memory
           needed by Valgrind but also reduces the chances of detecting
           over/underruns, so is not recommended.
       --xtree-memory=none|allocs|full [none]
           Tools replacing Valgrind's malloc, realloc, etc, can optionally
           produce an execution tree detailing which piece of code is
           responsible for heap memory usage. See ???  for a detailed
           explanation about execution trees.
           When set to none, no memory execution tree is produced.
           When set to allocs, the memory execution tree gives the current
           number of allocated bytes and the current number of allocated
           blocks.
           When set to full, the memory execution tree gives 6 different
           measurements : the current number of allocated bytes and blocks
           (same values as for allocs), the total number of allocated bytes
           and blocks, the total number of freed bytes and blocks.
           Note that the overhead in cpu and memory to produce an xtree
           depends on the tool. The overhead in cpu is small for the value
           allocs, as the information needed to produce this report is
           maintained in any case by the tool. For massif and helgrind,
           specifying full implies to capture a stack trace for each free
           operation, while normally these tools only capture an allocation
           stack trace. For memcheck, the cpu overhead for the value full is
           small, as this can only be used in combination with
           --keep-stacktraces=alloc-and-free or
           --keep-stacktraces=alloc-then-free, which already records a stack
           trace for each free operation. The memory overhead varies between
           5 and 10 words per unique stacktrace in the xtree, plus the
           memory needed to record the stack trace for the free operations,
           if needed specifically for the xtree.
       --xtree-memory-file=<filename> [default: xtmemory.kcg.%p]
           Specifies that Valgrind should produce the xtree memory report in
           the specified file. Any %p or %q sequences appearing in the
           filename are expanded in exactly the same way as they are for
           --log-file. See the description of --log-file for details.
           If the filename contains the extension .ms, then the produced
           file format will be a massif output file format. If the filename
           contains the extension .kcg or no extension is provided or
           recognised, then the produced file format will be a callgrind
           output format.
           See ???  for a detailed explanation about execution trees
           formats.

UNCOMMON OPTIONS         top

       These options apply to all tools, as they affect certain obscure
       workings of the Valgrind core. Most people won't need to use them.
       --smc-check=<none|stack|all|all-non-file> [default: all-non-file for
       x86/amd64/s390x, stack for other archs]
           This option controls Valgrind's detection of self-modifying code.
           If no checking is done, when a program executes some code, then
           overwrites it with new code, and executes the new code, Valgrind
           will continue to execute the translations it made for the old
           code. This will likely lead to incorrect behaviour and/or
           crashes.
           For "modern" architectures -- anything that's not x86, amd64 or
           s390x -- the default is stack. This is because a correct program
           must take explicit action to reestablish D-I cache coherence
           following code modification. Valgrind observes and honours such
           actions, with the result that self-modifying code is
           transparently handled with zero extra cost.
           For x86, amd64 and s390x, the program is not required to notify
           the hardware of required D-I coherence syncing. Hence the default
           is all-non-file, which covers the normal case of generating code
           into an anonymous (non-file-backed) mmap'd area.
           The meanings of the four available settings are as follows. No
           detection (none), detect self-modifying code on the stack (which
           is used by GCC to implement nested functions) (stack), detect
           self-modifying code everywhere (all), and detect self-modifying
           code everywhere except in file-backed mappings (all-non-file).
           Running with all will slow Valgrind down noticeably. Running with
           none will rarely speed things up, since very little code gets
           dynamically generated in most programs. The
           VALGRIND_DISCARD_TRANSLATIONS client request is an alternative to
           --smc-check=all and --smc-check=all-non-file that requires more
           programmer effort but allows Valgrind to run your program faster,
           by telling it precisely when translations need to be re-made.
           --smc-check=all-non-file provides a cheaper but more limited
           version of --smc-check=all. It adds checks to any translations
           that do not originate from file-backed memory mappings. Typical
           applications that generate code, for example JITs in web
           browsers, generate code into anonymous mmaped areas, whereas the
           "fixed" code of the browser always lives in file-backed mappings.
           --smc-check=all-non-file takes advantage of this observation,
           limiting the overhead of checking to code which is likely to be
           JIT generated.
       --read-inline-info=<yes|no> [default: see below]
           When enabled, Valgrind will read information about inlined
           function calls from DWARF3 debug info. This slows Valgrind
           startup and makes it use more memory (typically for each inlined
           piece of code, 6 words and space for the function name), but it
           results in more descriptive stacktraces. For the 3.10.0 release,
           this functionality is enabled by default only for Linux, Android
           and Solaris targets and only for the tools Memcheck, Helgrind and
           DRD. Here is an example of some stacktraces with
           --read-inline-info=no:
               ==15380== Conditional jump or move depends on uninitialised value(s)
               ==15380==    at 0x80484EA: main (inlinfo.c:6)
               ==15380==
               ==15380== Conditional jump or move depends on uninitialised value(s)
               ==15380==    at 0x8048550: fun_noninline (inlinfo.c:6)
               ==15380==    by 0x804850E: main (inlinfo.c:34)
               ==15380==
               ==15380== Conditional jump or move depends on uninitialised value(s)
               ==15380==    at 0x8048520: main (inlinfo.c:6)
           And here are the same errors with --read-inline-info=yes:
               ==15377== Conditional jump or move depends on uninitialised value(s)
               ==15377==    at 0x80484EA: fun_d (inlinfo.c:6)
               ==15377==    by 0x80484EA: fun_c (inlinfo.c:14)
               ==15377==    by 0x80484EA: fun_b (inlinfo.c:20)
               ==15377==    by 0x80484EA: fun_a (inlinfo.c:26)
               ==15377==    by 0x80484EA: main (inlinfo.c:33)
               ==15377==
               ==15377== Conditional jump or move depends on uninitialised value(s)
               ==15377==    at 0x8048550: fun_d (inlinfo.c:6)
               ==15377==    by 0x8048550: fun_noninline (inlinfo.c:41)
               ==15377==    by 0x804850E: main (inlinfo.c:34)
               ==15377==
               ==15377== Conditional jump or move depends on uninitialised value(s)
               ==15377==    at 0x8048520: fun_d (inlinfo.c:6)
               ==15377==    by 0x8048520: main (inlinfo.c:35)
       --read-var-info=<yes|no> [default: no]
           When enabled, Valgrind will read information about variable types
           and locations from DWARF3 debug info. This slows Valgrind startup
           significantly and makes it use significantly more memory, but for
           the tools that can take advantage of it (Memcheck, Helgrind, DRD)
           it can result in more precise error messages. For example, here
           are some standard errors issued by Memcheck:
               ==15363== Uninitialised byte(s) found during client check request
               ==15363==    at 0x80484A9: croak (varinfo1.c:28)
               ==15363==    by 0x8048544: main (varinfo1.c:55)
               ==15363==  Address 0x80497f7 is 7 bytes inside data symbol "global_i2"
               ==15363==
               ==15363== Uninitialised byte(s) found during client check request
               ==15363==    at 0x80484A9: croak (varinfo1.c:28)
               ==15363==    by 0x8048550: main (varinfo1.c:56)
               ==15363==  Address 0xbea0d0cc is on thread 1's stack
               ==15363==  in frame #1, created by main (varinfo1.c:45)
           And here are the same errors with --read-var-info=yes:
               ==15370== Uninitialised byte(s) found during client check request
               ==15370==    at 0x80484A9: croak (varinfo1.c:28)
               ==15370==    by 0x8048544: main (varinfo1.c:55)
               ==15370==  Location 0x80497f7 is 0 bytes inside global_i2[7],
               ==15370==  a global variable declared at varinfo1.c:41
               ==15370==
               ==15370== Uninitialised byte(s) found during client check request
               ==15370==    at 0x80484A9: croak (varinfo1.c:28)
               ==15370==    by 0x8048550: main (varinfo1.c:56)
               ==15370==  Location 0xbeb4a0cc is 0 bytes inside local var "local"
               ==15370==  declared at varinfo1.c:46, in frame #1 of thread 1
       --vgdb-poll=<number> [default: 5000]
           As part of its main loop, the Valgrind scheduler will poll to
           check if some activity (such as an external command or some input
           from a gdb) has to be handled by gdbserver. This activity poll
           will be done after having run the given number of basic blocks
           (or slightly more than the given number of basic blocks). This
           poll is quite cheap so the default value is set relatively low.
           You might further decrease this value if vgdb cannot use ptrace
           system call to interrupt Valgrind if all threads are (most of the
           time) blocked in a system call.
       --vgdb-shadow-registers=no|yes [default: no]
           When activated, gdbserver will expose the Valgrind shadow
           registers to GDB. With this, the value of the Valgrind shadow
           registers can be examined or changed using GDB. Exposing shadow
           registers only works with GDB version 7.1 or later.
       --vgdb-prefix=<prefix> [default: /tmp/vgdb-pipe]
           To communicate with gdb/vgdb, the Valgrind gdbserver creates 3
           files (2 named FIFOs and a mmap shared memory file). The prefix
           option controls the directory and prefix for the creation of
           these files.
       --run-libc-freeres=<yes|no> [default: yes]
           This option is only relevant when running Valgrind on Linux.
           The GNU C library (libc.so), which is used by all programs, may
           allocate memory for its own uses. Usually it doesn't bother to
           free that memory when the program ends—there would be no point,
           since the Linux kernel reclaims all process resources when a
           process exits anyway, so it would just slow things down.
           The glibc authors realised that this behaviour causes leak
           checkers, such as Valgrind, to falsely report leaks in glibc,
           when a leak check is done at exit. In order to avoid this, they
           provided a routine called __libc_freeres specifically to make
           glibc release all memory it has allocated. Memcheck therefore
           tries to run __libc_freeres at exit.
           Unfortunately, in some very old versions of glibc, __libc_freeres
           is sufficiently buggy to cause segmentation faults. This was
           particularly noticeable on Red Hat 7.1. So this option is
           provided in order to inhibit the run of __libc_freeres. If your
           program seems to run fine on Valgrind, but segfaults at exit, you
           may find that --run-libc-freeres=no fixes that, although at the
           cost of possibly falsely reporting space leaks in libc.so.
       --run-cxx-freeres=<yes|no> [default: yes]
           This option is only relevant when running Valgrind on Linux or
           Solaris C++ programs.
           The GNU Standard C++ library (libstdc++.so), which is used by all
           C++ programs compiled with g++, may allocate memory for its own
           uses. Usually it doesn't bother to free that memory when the
           program ends—there would be no point, since the kernel reclaims
           all process resources when a process exits anyway, so it would
           just slow things down.
           The gcc authors realised that this behaviour causes leak
           checkers, such as Valgrind, to falsely report leaks in libstdc++,
           when a leak check is done at exit. In order to avoid this, they
           provided a routine called __gnu_cxx::__freeres specifically to
           make libstdc++ release all memory it has allocated. Memcheck
           therefore tries to run __gnu_cxx::__freeres at exit.
           For the sake of flexibility and unforeseen problems with
           __gnu_cxx::__freeres, option --run-cxx-freeres=no exists,
           although at the cost of possibly falsely reporting space leaks in
           libstdc++.so.
       --sim-hints=hint1,hint2,...
           Pass miscellaneous hints to Valgrind which slightly modify the
           simulated behaviour in nonstandard or dangerous ways, possibly to
           help the simulation of strange features. By default no hints are
           enabled. Use with caution! Currently known hints are:
           ·   lax-ioctls: Be very lax about ioctl handling; the only
               assumption is that the size is correct. Doesn't require the
               full buffer to be initialised when writing. Without this,
               using some device drivers with a large number of strange
               ioctl commands becomes very tiresome.
           ·   fuse-compatible: Enable special handling for certain system
               calls that may block in a FUSE file-system. This may be
               necessary when running Valgrind on a multi-threaded program
               that uses one thread to manage a FUSE file-system and another
               thread to access that file-system.
           ·   enable-outer: Enable some special magic needed when the
               program being run is itself Valgrind.
           ·   no-inner-prefix: Disable printing a prefix > in front of each
               stdout or stderr output line in an inner Valgrind being run
               by an outer Valgrind. This is useful when running Valgrind
               regression tests in an outer/inner setup. Note that the
               prefix > will always be printed in front of the inner debug
               logging lines.
           ·   no-nptl-pthread-stackcache: This hint is only relevant when
               running Valgrind on Linux; it is ignored on Solaris and Mac
               OS X.
               The GNU glibc pthread library (libpthread.so), which is used
               by pthread programs, maintains a cache of pthread stacks.
               When a pthread terminates, the memory used for the pthread
               stack and some thread local storage related data structure
               are not always directly released. This memory is kept in a
               cache (up to a certain size), and is re-used if a new thread
               is started.
               This cache causes the helgrind tool to report some false
               positive race condition errors on this cached memory, as
               helgrind does not understand the internal glibc cache
               synchronisation primitives. So, when using helgrind,
               disabling the cache helps to avoid false positive race
               conditions, in particular when using thread local storage
               variables (e.g. variables using the __thread qualifier).
               When using the memcheck tool, disabling the cache ensures the
               memory used by glibc to handle __thread variables is directly
               released when a thread terminates.
               Note: Valgrind disables the cache using some internal
               knowledge of the glibc stack cache implementation and by
               examining the debug information of the pthread library. This
               technique is thus somewhat fragile and might not work for all
               glibc versions. This has been successfully tested with
               various glibc versions (e.g. 2.11, 2.16, 2.18) on various
               platforms.
           ·   lax-doors: (Solaris only) Be very lax about door syscall
               handling over unrecognised door file descriptors. Does not
               require that full buffer is initialised when writing. Without
               this, programs using libdoor(3LIB) functionality with
               completely proprietary semantics may report large number of
               false positives.
           ·   fallback-llsc: (MIPS and ARM64 only): Enables an alternative
               implementation of Load-Linked (LL) and Store-Conditional (SC)
               instructions. The standard implementation gives more correct
               behaviour, but can cause indefinite looping on certain
               processor implementations that are intolerant of extra memory
               references between LL and SC. So far this is known only to
               happen on Cavium 3 cores. You should not need to use this
               flag, since the relevant cores are detected at startup and
               the alternative implementation is automatically enabled if
               necessary. There is no equivalent anti-flag: you cannot
               force-disable the alternative implementation, if it is
               automatically enabled. The underlying problem exists because
               the "standard" implementation of LL and SC is done by copying
               through LL and SC instructions into the instrumented code.
               However, tools may insert extra instrumentation memory
               references in between the LL and SC instructions. These
               memory references are not present in the original
               uninstrumented code, and their presence in the instrumented
               code can cause the SC instructions to persistently fail,
               leading to indefinite looping in LL-SC blocks. The
               alternative implementation gives correct behaviour of LL and
               SC instructions between threads in a process, up to and
               including the ABA scenario. It also gives correct behaviour
               between a Valgrinded thread and a non-Valgrinded thread
               running in a different process, that communicate via shared
               memory, but only up to and including correct CAS behaviour --
               in this case the ABA scenario may not be correctly handled.
       --fair-sched=<no|yes|try> [default: no]
           The --fair-sched option controls the locking mechanism used by
           Valgrind to serialise thread execution. The locking mechanism
           controls the way the threads are scheduled, and different
           settings give different trade-offs between fairness and
           performance. For more details about the Valgrind thread
           serialisation scheme and its impact on performance and thread
           scheduling, see Scheduling and Multi-Thread Performance.
           ·   The value --fair-sched=yes activates a fair scheduler. In
               short, if multiple threads are ready to run, the threads will
               be scheduled in a round robin fashion. This mechanism is not
               available on all platforms or Linux versions. If not
               available, using --fair-sched=yes will cause Valgrind to
               terminate with an error.
               You may find this setting improves overall responsiveness if
               you are running an interactive multithreaded program, for
               example a web browser, on Valgrind.
           ·   The value --fair-sched=try activates fair scheduling if
               available on the platform. Otherwise, it will automatically
               fall back to --fair-sched=no.
           ·   The value --fair-sched=no activates a scheduler which does
               not guarantee fairness between threads ready to run, but
               which in general gives the highest performance.
       --kernel-variant=variant1,variant2,...
           Handle system calls and ioctls arising from minor variants of the
           default kernel for this platform. This is useful for running on
           hacked kernels or with kernel modules which support nonstandard
           ioctls, for example. Use with caution. If you don't understand
           what this option does then you almost certainly don't need it.
           Currently known variants are:
           ·   bproc: support the sys_broc system call on x86. This is for
               running on BProc, which is a minor variant of standard Linux
               which is sometimes used for building clusters.
           ·   android-no-hw-tls: some versions of the Android emulator for
               ARM do not provide a hardware TLS (thread-local state)
               register, and Valgrind crashes at startup. Use this variant
               to select software support for TLS.
           ·   android-gpu-sgx5xx: use this to support handling of
               proprietary ioctls for the PowerVR SGX 5XX series of GPUs on
               Android devices. Failure to select this does not cause
               stability problems, but may cause Memcheck to report false
               errors after the program performs GPU-specific ioctls.
           ·   android-gpu-adreno3xx: similarly, use this to support
               handling of proprietary ioctls for the Qualcomm Adreno 3XX
               series of GPUs on Android devices.
       --merge-recursive-frames=<number> [default: 0]
           Some recursive algorithms, for example balanced binary tree
           implementations, create many different stack traces, each
           containing cycles of calls. A cycle is defined as two identical
           program counter values separated by zero or more other program
           counter values. Valgrind may then use a lot of memory to store
           all these stack traces. This is a poor use of memory considering
           that such stack traces contain repeated uninteresting recursive
           calls instead of more interesting information such as the
           function that has initiated the recursive call.
           The option --merge-recursive-frames=<number> instructs Valgrind
           to detect and merge recursive call cycles having a size of up to
           <number> frames. When such a cycle is detected, Valgrind records
           the cycle in the stack trace as a unique program counter.
           The value 0 (the default) causes no recursive call merging. A
           value of 1 will cause stack traces of simple recursive algorithms
           (for example, a factorial implementation) to be collapsed. A
           value of 2 will usually be needed to collapse stack traces
           produced by recursive algorithms such as binary trees, quick
           sort, etc. Higher values might be needed for more complex
           recursive algorithms.
           Note: recursive calls are detected by analysis of program counter
           values. They are not detected by looking at function names.
       --num-transtab-sectors=<number> [default: 6 for Android platforms, 16
       for all others]
           Valgrind translates and instruments your program's machine code
           in small fragments (basic blocks). The translations are stored in
           a translation cache that is divided into a number of sections
           (sectors). If the cache is full, the sector containing the oldest
           translations is emptied and reused. If these old translations are
           needed again, Valgrind must re-translate and re-instrument the
           corresponding machine code, which is expensive. If the "executed
           instructions" working set of a program is big, increasing the
           number of sectors may improve performance by reducing the number
           of re-translations needed. Sectors are allocated on demand. Once
           allocated, a sector can never be freed, and occupies considerable
           space, depending on the tool and the value of
           --avg-transtab-entry-size (about 40 MB per sector for Memcheck).
           Use the option --stats=yes to obtain precise information about
           the memory used by a sector and the allocation and recycling of
           sectors.
       --avg-transtab-entry-size=<number> [default: 0, meaning use tool
       provided default]
           Average size of translated basic block. This average size is used
           to dimension the size of a sector. Each tool provides a default
           value to be used. If this default value is too small, the
           translation sectors will become full too quickly. If this default
           value is too big, a significant part of the translation sector
           memory will be unused. Note that the average size of a basic
           block translation depends on the tool, and might depend on tool
           options. For example, the memcheck option --track-origins=yes
           increases the size of the basic block translations. Use
           --avg-transtab-entry-size to tune the size of the sectors, either
           to gain memory or to avoid too many retranslations.
       --aspace-minaddr=<address> [default: depends on the platform]
           To avoid potential conflicts with some system libraries, Valgrind
           does not use the address space below --aspace-minaddr value,
           keeping it reserved in case a library specifically requests
           memory in this region. So, some "pessimistic" value is guessed by
           Valgrind depending on the platform. On linux, by default,
           Valgrind avoids using the first 64MB even if typically there is
           no conflict in this complete zone. You can use the option
           --aspace-minaddr to have your memory hungry application
           benefitting from more of this lower memory. On the other hand, if
           you encounter a conflict, increasing aspace-minaddr value might
           solve it. Conflicts will typically manifest themselves with mmap
           failures in the low range of the address space. The provided
           address must be page aligned and must be equal or bigger to
           0x1000 (4KB). To find the default value on your platform, do
           something such as valgrind -d -d date 2>&1 | grep -i minaddr.
           Values lower than 0x10000 (64KB) are known to create problems on
           some distributions.
       --valgrind-stacksize=<number> [default: 1MB]
           For each thread, Valgrind needs its own 'private' stack. The
           default size for these stacks is largely dimensioned, and so
           should be sufficient in most cases. In case the size is too
           small, Valgrind will segfault. Before segfaulting, a warning
           might be produced by Valgrind when approaching the limit.
           Use the option --valgrind-stacksize if such an (unlikely) warning
           is produced, or Valgrind dies due to a segmentation violation.
           Such segmentation violations have been seen when demangling huge
           C++ symbols.
           If your application uses many threads and needs a lot of memory,
           you can gain some memory by reducing the size of these Valgrind
           stacks using the option --valgrind-stacksize.
       --show-emwarns=<yes|no> [default: no]
           When enabled, Valgrind will emit warnings about its CPU emulation
           in certain cases. These are usually not interesting.
       --require-text-symbol=:sonamepatt:fnnamepatt
           When a shared object whose soname matches sonamepatt is loaded
           into the process, examine all the text symbols it exports. If
           none of those match fnnamepatt, print an error message and
           abandon the run. This makes it possible to ensure that the run
           does not continue unless a given shared object contains a
           particular function name.
           Both sonamepatt and fnnamepatt can be written using the usual ?
           and * wildcards. For example: ":*libc.so*:foo?bar". You may use
           characters other than a colon to separate the two patterns. It is
           only important that the first character and the separator
           character are the same. For example, the above example could also
           be written "Q*libc.so*Qfoo?bar". Multiple
            --require-text-symbol flags are allowed, in which case shared
           objects that are loaded into the process will be checked against
           all of them.
           The purpose of this is to support reliable usage of marked-up
           libraries. For example, suppose we have a version of GCC's
           libgomp.so which has been marked up with annotations to support
           Helgrind. It is only too easy and confusing to load the wrong,
           un-annotated libgomp.so into the application. So the idea is: add
           a text symbol in the marked-up library, for example
           annotated_for_helgrind_3_6, and then give the flag
           --require-text-symbol=:*libgomp*so*:annotated_for_helgrind_3_6 so
           that when libgomp.so is loaded, Valgrind scans its symbol table,
           and if the symbol isn't present the run is aborted, rather than
           continuing silently with the un-marked-up library. Note that you
           should put the entire flag in quotes to stop shells expanding up
           the * and ?  wildcards.
       --soname-synonyms=syn1=pattern1,syn2=pattern2,...
           When a shared library is loaded, Valgrind checks for functions in
           the library that must be replaced or wrapped. For example,
           Memcheck replaces some string and memory functions (strchr,
           strlen, strcpy, memchr, memcpy, memmove, etc.) with its own
           versions. Such replacements are normally done only in shared
           libraries whose soname matches a predefined soname pattern (e.g.
           libc.so* on linux). By default, no replacement is done for a
           statically linked binary or for alternative libraries, except for
           the allocation functions (malloc, free, calloc, memalign,
           realloc, operator new, operator delete, etc.) Such allocation
           functions are intercepted by default in any shared library or in
           the executable if they are exported as global symbols. This means
           that if a replacement allocation library such as tcmalloc is
           found, its functions are also intercepted by default. In some
           cases, the replacements allow --soname-synonyms to specify one
           additional synonym pattern, giving flexibility in the
           replacement. Or to prevent interception of all public allocation
           symbols.
           Currently, this flexibility is only allowed for the malloc
           related functions, using the synonym somalloc. This synonym is
           usable for all tools doing standard replacement of malloc related
           functions (e.g. memcheck, massif, drd, helgrind, exp-dhat,
           exp-sgcheck).
           ·   Alternate malloc library: to replace the malloc related
               functions in a specific alternate library with soname
               mymalloclib.so (and not in any others), give the option
               --soname-synonyms=somalloc=mymalloclib.so. A pattern can be
               used to match multiple libraries sonames. For example,
               --soname-synonyms=somalloc=*tcmalloc* will match the soname
               of all variants of the tcmalloc library (native, debug,
               profiled, ... tcmalloc variants).
               Note: the soname of a elf shared library can be retrieved
               using the readelf utility.
           ·   Replacements in a statically linked library are done by using
               the NONE pattern. For example, if you link with
               libtcmalloc.a, and only want to intercept the malloc related
               functions in the executable (and standard libraries)
               themselves, but not any other shared libraries, you can give
               the option --soname-synonyms=somalloc=NONE. Note that a NONE
               pattern will match the main executable and any shared library
               having no soname.
           ·   To run a "default" Firefox build for Linux, in which JEMalloc
               is linked in to the main executable, use
               --soname-synonyms=somalloc=NONE.
           ·   To only intercept allocation symbols in the default system
               libraries, but not in any other shared library or the
               executable defining public malloc or operator new related
               functions use a non-existing library name like
               --soname-synonyms=somalloc=nouserintercepts (where
               nouserintercepts can be any non-existing library name).
           ·   Shared library of the dynamic (runtime) linker is excluded
               from searching for global public symbols, such as those for
               the malloc related functions (identified by somalloc
               synonym).

DEBUGGING VALGRIND OPTIONS         top

       There are also some options for debugging Valgrind itself. You
       shouldn't need to use them in the normal run of things. If you wish
       to see the list, use the --help-debug option.

MEMCHECK OPTIONS         top

       --leak-check=<no|summary|yes|full> [default: summary]
           When enabled, search for memory leaks when the client program
           finishes. If set to summary, it says how many leaks occurred. If
           set to full or yes, each individual leak will be shown in detail
           and/or counted as an error, as specified by the options
           --show-leak-kinds and --errors-for-leak-kinds.
       --leak-resolution=<low|med|high> [default: high]
           When doing leak checking, determines how willing Memcheck is to
           consider different backtraces to be the same for the purposes of
           merging multiple leaks into a single leak report. When set to
           low, only the first two entries need match. When med, four
           entries have to match. When high, all entries need to match.
           For hardcore leak debugging, you probably want to use
           --leak-resolution=high together with --num-callers=40 or some
           such large number.
           Note that the --leak-resolution setting does not affect
           Memcheck's ability to find leaks. It only changes how the results
           are presented.
       --show-leak-kinds=<set> [default: definite,possible]
           Specifies the leak kinds to show in a full leak search, in one of
           the following ways:
           ·   a comma separated list of one or more of definite indirect
               possible reachable.
           ·   all to specify the complete set (all leak kinds). It is
               equivalent to
               --show-leak-kinds=definite,indirect,possible,reachable.
           ·   none for the empty set.
       --errors-for-leak-kinds=<set> [default: definite,possible]
           Specifies the leak kinds to count as errors in a full leak
           search. The <set> is specified similarly to --show-leak-kinds
       --leak-check-heuristics=<set> [default: all]
           Specifies the set of leak check heuristics to be used during leak
           searches. The heuristics control which interior pointers to a
           block cause it to be considered as reachable. The heuristic set
           is specified in one of the following ways:
           ·   a comma separated list of one or more of stdstring length64
               newarray multipleinheritance.
           ·   all to activate the complete set of heuristics. It is
               equivalent to
               --leak-check-heuristics=stdstring,length64,newarray,multipleinheritance.
           ·   none for the empty set.
           Note that these heuristics are dependent on the layout of the
           objects produced by the C++ compiler. They have been tested with
           some gcc versions (e.g. 4.4 and 4.7). They might not work
           properly with other C++ compilers.
       --show-reachable=<yes|no> , --show-possibly-lost=<yes|no>
           These options provide an alternative way to specify the leak
           kinds to show:
           ·   --show-reachable=no --show-possibly-lost=yes is equivalent to
               --show-leak-kinds=definite,possible.
           ·   --show-reachable=no --show-possibly-lost=no is equivalent to
               --show-leak-kinds=definite.
           ·   --show-reachable=yes is equivalent to --show-leak-kinds=all.
           Note that --show-possibly-lost=no has no effect if
           --show-reachable=yes is specified.
       --xtree-leak=<no|yes> [no]
           If set to yes, the results for the leak search done at exit will
           be output in a 'Callgrind Format' execution tree file. Note that
           this automatically sets the option --leak-check=full. The
           produced file will contain the following events:
           ·   RB : Reachable Bytes
           ·   PB : Possibly lost Bytes
           ·   IB : Indirectly lost Bytes
           ·   DB : Definitely lost Bytes (direct plus indirect)
           ·   DIB : Definitely Indirectly lost Bytes (subset of DB)
           ·   RBk : reachable Blocks
           ·   PBk : Possibly lost Blocks
           ·   IBk : Indirectly lost Blocks
           ·   DBk : Definitely lost Blocks
           The increase or decrease for all events above will also be output
           in the file to provide the delta (increase or decreaseà between 2
           successive leak searches. For example, iRB is the increase of the
           RB event, dPBk is the decrease of PBk event. The values for the
           increase and decrease events will be zero for the first leak
           search done.
           See ???  for a detailed explanation about execution trees.
       --xtree-leak-file=<filename> [default: xtleak.kcg.%p]
           Specifies that Valgrind should produce the xtree leak report in
           the specified file. Any %p, %q or %n sequences appearing in the
           filename are expanded in exactly the same way as they are for
           --log-file. See the description of --log-file for details.
           See ???  for a detailed explanation about execution trees
           formats.
       --undef-value-errors=<yes|no> [default: yes]
           Controls whether Memcheck reports uses of undefined value errors.
           Set this to no if you don't want to see undefined value errors.
           It also has the side effect of speeding up Memcheck somewhat.
       --track-origins=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Controls whether Memcheck tracks the origin of uninitialised
           values. By default, it does not, which means that although it can
           tell you that an uninitialised value is being used in a dangerous
           way, it cannot tell you where the uninitialised value came from.
           This often makes it difficult to track down the root problem.
           When set to yes, Memcheck keeps track of the origins of all
           uninitialised values. Then, when an uninitialised value error is
           reported, Memcheck will try to show the origin of the value. An
           origin can be one of the following four places: a heap block, a
           stack allocation, a client request, or miscellaneous other
           sources (eg, a call to brk).
           For uninitialised values originating from a heap block, Memcheck
           shows where the block was allocated. For uninitialised values
           originating from a stack allocation, Memcheck can tell you which
           function allocated the value, but no more than that -- typically
           it shows you the source location of the opening brace of the
           function. So you should carefully check that all of the
           function's local variables are initialised properly.
           Performance overhead: origin tracking is expensive. It halves
           Memcheck's speed and increases memory use by a minimum of 100MB,
           and possibly more. Nevertheless it can drastically reduce the
           effort required to identify the root cause of uninitialised value
           errors, and so is often a programmer productivity win, despite
           running more slowly.
           Accuracy: Memcheck tracks origins quite accurately. To avoid very
           large space and time overheads, some approximations are made. It
           is possible, although unlikely, that Memcheck will report an
           incorrect origin, or not be able to identify any origin.
           Note that the combination --track-origins=yes and
           --undef-value-errors=no is nonsensical. Memcheck checks for and
           rejects this combination at startup.
       --partial-loads-ok=<yes|no> [default: yes]
           Controls how Memcheck handles 32-, 64-, 128- and 256-bit
           naturally aligned loads from addresses for which some bytes are
           addressable and others are not. When yes, such loads do not
           produce an address error. Instead, loaded bytes originating from
           illegal addresses are marked as uninitialised, and those
           corresponding to legal addresses are handled in the normal way.
           When no, loads from partially invalid addresses are treated the
           same as loads from completely invalid addresses: an
           illegal-address error is issued, and the resulting bytes are
           marked as initialised.
           Note that code that behaves in this way is in violation of the
           ISO C/C++ standards, and should be considered broken. If at all
           possible, such code should be fixed.
       --expensive-definedness-checks=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Controls whether Memcheck should employ more precise but also
           more expensive (time consuming) algorithms when checking the
           definedness of a value. The default setting is not to do that and
           it is usually sufficient. However, for highly optimised code
           valgrind may sometimes incorrectly complain. Invoking valgrind
           with --expensive-definedness-checks=yes helps but comes at a
           performance cost. Runtime degradation of 25% have been observed
           but the extra cost depends a lot on the application at hand.
       --keep-stacktraces=alloc|free|alloc-and-free|alloc-then-free|none
       [default: alloc-and-free]
           Controls which stack trace(s) to keep for malloc'd and/or free'd
           blocks.
           With alloc-then-free, a stack trace is recorded at allocation
           time, and is associated with the block. When the block is freed,
           a second stack trace is recorded, and this replaces the
           allocation stack trace. As a result, any "use after free" errors
           relating to this block can only show a stack trace for where the
           block was freed.
           With alloc-and-free, both allocation and the deallocation stack
           traces for the block are stored. Hence a "use after free" error
           will show both, which may make the error easier to diagnose.
           Compared to alloc-then-free, this setting slightly increases
           Valgrind's memory use as the block contains two references
           instead of one.
           With alloc, only the allocation stack trace is recorded (and
           reported). With free, only the deallocation stack trace is
           recorded (and reported). These values somewhat decrease
           Valgrind's memory and cpu usage. They can be useful depending on
           the error types you are searching for and the level of detail you
           need to analyse them. For example, if you are only interested in
           memory leak errors, it is sufficient to record the allocation
           stack traces.
           With none, no stack traces are recorded for malloc and free
           operations. If your program allocates a lot of blocks and/or
           allocates/frees from many different stack traces, this can
           significantly decrease cpu and/or memory required. Of course, few
           details will be reported for errors related to heap blocks.
           Note that once a stack trace is recorded, Valgrind keeps the
           stack trace in memory even if it is not referenced by any block.
           Some programs (for example, recursive algorithms) can generate a
           huge number of stack traces. If Valgrind uses too much memory in
           such circumstances, you can reduce the memory required with the
           options --keep-stacktraces and/or by using a smaller value for
           the option --num-callers.
           If you want to use --xtree-memory=full memory profiling (see ???
           ), then you cannot specify --keep-stacktraces=free or
           --keep-stacktraces=none.
       --freelist-vol=<number> [default: 20000000]
           When the client program releases memory using free (in C) or
           delete (C++), that memory is not immediately made available for
           re-allocation. Instead, it is marked inaccessible and placed in a
           queue of freed blocks. The purpose is to defer as long as
           possible the point at which freed-up memory comes back into
           circulation. This increases the chance that Memcheck will be able
           to detect invalid accesses to blocks for some significant period
           of time after they have been freed.
           This option specifies the maximum total size, in bytes, of the
           blocks in the queue. The default value is twenty million bytes.
           Increasing this increases the total amount of memory used by
           Memcheck but may detect invalid uses of freed blocks which would
           otherwise go undetected.
       --freelist-big-blocks=<number> [default: 1000000]
           When making blocks from the queue of freed blocks available for
           re-allocation, Memcheck will in priority re-circulate the blocks
           with a size greater or equal to --freelist-big-blocks. This
           ensures that freeing big blocks (in particular freeing blocks
           bigger than --freelist-vol) does not immediately lead to a
           re-circulation of all (or a lot of) the small blocks in the free
           list. In other words, this option increases the likelihood to
           discover dangling pointers for the "small" blocks, even when big
           blocks are freed.
           Setting a value of 0 means that all the blocks are re-circulated
           in a FIFO order.
       --workaround-gcc296-bugs=<yes|no> [default: no]
           When enabled, assume that reads and writes some small distance
           below the stack pointer are due to bugs in GCC 2.96, and does not
           report them. The "small distance" is 256 bytes by default. Note
           that GCC 2.96 is the default compiler on some ancient Linux
           distributions (RedHat 7.X) and so you may need to use this
           option. Do not use it if you do not have to, as it can cause real
           errors to be overlooked. A better alternative is to use a more
           recent GCC in which this bug is fixed.
           You may also need to use this option when working with GCC 3.X or
           4.X on 32-bit PowerPC Linux. This is because GCC generates code
           which occasionally accesses below the stack pointer, particularly
           for floating-point to/from integer conversions. This is in
           violation of the 32-bit PowerPC ELF specification, which makes no
           provision for locations below the stack pointer to be accessible.
           This option is deprecated as of version 3.12 and may be removed
           from future versions. You should instead use
           --ignore-range-below-sp to specify the exact range of offsets
           below the stack pointer that should be ignored. A suitable
           equivalent is --ignore-range-below-sp=1024-1.
       --ignore-range-below-sp=<number>-<number>
           This is a more general replacement for the deprecated
           --workaround-gcc296-bugs option. When specified, it causes
           Memcheck not to report errors for accesses at the specified
           offsets below the stack pointer. The two offsets must be positive
           decimal numbers and -- somewhat counterintuitively -- the first
           one must be larger, in order to imply a non-wraparound address
           range to ignore. For example, to ignore 4 byte accesses at 8192
           bytes below the stack pointer, use
           --ignore-range-below-sp=8192-8189. Only one range may be
           specified.
       --show-mismatched-frees=<yes|no> [default: yes]
           When enabled, Memcheck checks that heap blocks are deallocated
           using a function that matches the allocating function. That is,
           it expects free to be used to deallocate blocks allocated by
           malloc, delete for blocks allocated by new, and delete[] for
           blocks allocated by new[]. If a mismatch is detected, an error is
           reported. This is in general important because in some
           environments, freeing with a non-matching function can cause
           crashes.
           There is however a scenario where such mismatches cannot be
           avoided. That is when the user provides implementations of
           new/new[] that call malloc and of delete/delete[] that call free,
           and these functions are asymmetrically inlined. For example,
           imagine that delete[] is inlined but new[] is not. The result is
           that Memcheck "sees" all delete[] calls as direct calls to free,
           even when the program source contains no mismatched calls.
           This causes a lot of confusing and irrelevant error reports.
           --show-mismatched-frees=no disables these checks. It is not
           generally advisable to disable them, though, because you may miss
           real errors as a result.
       --ignore-ranges=0xPP-0xQQ[,0xRR-0xSS]
           Any ranges listed in this option (and multiple ranges can be
           specified, separated by commas) will be ignored by Memcheck's
           addressability checking.
       --malloc-fill=<hexnumber>
           Fills blocks allocated by malloc, new, etc, but not by calloc,
           with the specified byte. This can be useful when trying to shake
           out obscure memory corruption problems. The allocated area is
           still regarded by Memcheck as undefined -- this option only
           affects its contents. Note that --malloc-fill does not affect a
           block of memory when it is used as argument to client requests
           VALGRIND_MEMPOOL_ALLOC or VALGRIND_MALLOCLIKE_BLOCK.
       --free-fill=<hexnumber>
           Fills blocks freed by free, delete, etc, with the specified byte
           value. This can be useful when trying to shake out obscure memory
           corruption problems. The freed area is still regarded by Memcheck
           as not valid for access -- this option only affects its contents.
           Note that --free-fill does not affect a block of memory when it
           is used as argument to client requests VALGRIND_MEMPOOL_FREE or
           VALGRIND_FREELIKE_BLOCK.

CACHEGRIND OPTIONS         top

       --I1=<size>,<associativity>,<line size>
           Specify the size, associativity and line size of the level 1
           instruction cache.
       --D1=<size>,<associativity>,<line size>
           Specify the size, associativity and line size of the level 1 data
           cache.
       --LL=<size>,<associativity>,<line size>
           Specify the size, associativity and line size of the last-level
           cache.
       --cache-sim=no|yes [yes]
           Enables or disables collection of cache access and miss counts.
       --branch-sim=no|yes [no]
           Enables or disables collection of branch instruction and
           misprediction counts. By default this is disabled as it slows
           Cachegrind down by approximately 25%. Note that you cannot
           specify --cache-sim=no and --branch-sim=no together, as that
           would leave Cachegrind with no information to collect.
       --cachegrind-out-file=<file>
           Write the profile data to file rather than to the default output
           file, cachegrind.out.<pid>. The %p and %q format specifiers can
           be used to embed the process ID and/or the contents of an
           environment variable in the name, as is the case for the core
           option --log-file.

CALLGRIND OPTIONS         top

       --callgrind-out-file=<file>
           Write the profile data to file rather than to the default output
           file, callgrind.out.<pid>. The %p and %q format specifiers can be
           used to embed the process ID and/or the contents of an
           environment variable in the name, as is the case for the core
           option --log-file. When multiple dumps are made, the file name is
           modified further; see below.
       --dump-line=<no|yes> [default: yes]
           This specifies that event counting should be performed at source
           line granularity. This allows source annotation for sources which
           are compiled with debug information (-g).
       --dump-instr=<no|yes> [default: no]
           This specifies that event counting should be performed at
           per-instruction granularity. This allows for assembly code
           annotation. Currently the results can only be displayed by
           KCachegrind.
       --compress-strings=<no|yes> [default: yes]
           This option influences the output format of the profile data. It
           specifies whether strings (file and function names) should be
           identified by numbers. This shrinks the file, but makes it more
           difficult for humans to read (which is not recommended in any
           case).
       --compress-pos=<no|yes> [default: yes]
           This option influences the output format of the profile data. It
           specifies whether numerical positions are always specified as
           absolute values or are allowed to be relative to previous
           numbers. This shrinks the file size.
       --combine-dumps=<no|yes> [default: no]
           When enabled, when multiple profile data parts are to be
           generated these parts are appended to the same output file. Not
           recommended.
       --dump-every-bb=<count> [default: 0, never]
           Dump profile data every count basic blocks. Whether a dump is
           needed is only checked when Valgrind's internal scheduler is run.
           Therefore, the minimum setting useful is about 100000. The count
           is a 64-bit value to make long dump periods possible.
       --dump-before=<function>
           Dump when entering function.
       --zero-before=<function>
           Zero all costs when entering function.
       --dump-after=<function>
           Dump when leaving function.
       --instr-atstart=<yes|no> [default: yes]
           Specify if you want Callgrind to start simulation and profiling
           from the beginning of the program. When set to no, Callgrind will
           not be able to collect any information, including calls, but it
           will have at most a slowdown of around 4, which is the minimum
           Valgrind overhead. Instrumentation can be interactively enabled
           via callgrind_control -i on.
           Note that the resulting call graph will most probably not contain
           main, but will contain all the functions executed after
           instrumentation was enabled. Instrumentation can also
           programatically enabled/disabled. See the Callgrind include file
           callgrind.h for the macro you have to use in your source code.
           For cache simulation, results will be less accurate when
           switching on instrumentation later in the program run, as the
           simulator starts with an empty cache at that moment. Switch on
           event collection later to cope with this error.
       --collect-atstart=<yes|no> [default: yes]
           Specify whether event collection is enabled at beginning of the
           profile run.
           To only look at parts of your program, you have two
           possibilities:
            1. Zero event counters before entering the program part you want
               to profile, and dump the event counters to a file after
               leaving that program part.
            2. Switch on/off collection state as needed to only see event
               counters happening while inside of the program part you want
               to profile.
           The second option can be used if the program part you want to
           profile is called many times. Option 1, i.e. creating a lot of
           dumps is not practical here.
           Collection state can be toggled at entry and exit of a given
           function with the option --toggle-collect. If you use this
           option, collection state should be disabled at the beginning.
           Note that the specification of --toggle-collect implicitly sets
           --collect-state=no.
           Collection state can be toggled also by inserting the client
           request CALLGRIND_TOGGLE_COLLECT ; at the needed code positions.
       --toggle-collect=<function>
           Toggle collection on entry/exit of function.
       --collect-jumps=<no|yes> [default: no]
           This specifies whether information for (conditional) jumps should
           be collected. As above, callgrind_annotate currently is not able
           to show you the data. You have to use KCachegrind to get jump
           arrows in the annotated code.
       --collect-systime=<no|yes> [default: no]
           This specifies whether information for system call times should
           be collected.
       --collect-bus=<no|yes> [default: no]
           This specifies whether the number of global bus events executed
           should be collected. The event type "Ge" is used for these
           events.
       --cache-sim=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Specify if you want to do full cache simulation. By default, only
           instruction read accesses will be counted ("Ir"). With cache
           simulation, further event counters are enabled: Cache misses on
           instruction reads ("I1mr"/"ILmr"), data read accesses ("Dr") and
           related cache misses ("D1mr"/"DLmr"), data write accesses ("Dw")
           and related cache misses ("D1mw"/"DLmw"). For more information,
           see Cachegrind: a cache and branch-prediction profiler.
       --branch-sim=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Specify if you want to do branch prediction simulation. Further
           event counters are enabled: Number of executed conditional
           branches and related predictor misses ("Bc"/"Bcm"), executed
           indirect jumps and related misses of the jump address predictor
           ("Bi"/"Bim").

HELGRIND OPTIONS         top

       --free-is-write=no|yes [default: no]
           When enabled (not the default), Helgrind treats freeing of heap
           memory as if the memory was written immediately before the free.
           This exposes races where memory is referenced by one thread, and
           freed by another, but there is no observable synchronisation
           event to ensure that the reference happens before the free.
           This functionality is new in Valgrind 3.7.0, and is regarded as
           experimental. It is not enabled by default because its
           interaction with custom memory allocators is not well understood
           at present. User feedback is welcomed.
       --track-lockorders=no|yes [default: yes]
           When enabled (the default), Helgrind performs lock order
           consistency checking. For some buggy programs, the large number
           of lock order errors reported can become annoying, particularly
           if you're only interested in race errors. You may therefore find
           it helpful to disable lock order checking.
       --history-level=none|approx|full [default: full]
           --history-level=full (the default) causes Helgrind collects
           enough information about "old" accesses that it can produce two
           stack traces in a race report -- both the stack trace for the
           current access, and the trace for the older, conflicting access.
           To limit memory usage, "old" accesses stack traces are limited to
           a maximum of 8 entries, even if --num-callers value is bigger.
           Collecting such information is expensive in both speed and
           memory, particularly for programs that do many inter-thread
           synchronisation events (locks, unlocks, etc). Without such
           information, it is more difficult to track down the root causes
           of races. Nonetheless, you may not need it in situations where
           you just want to check for the presence or absence of races, for
           example, when doing regression testing of a previously race-free
           program.
           --history-level=none is the opposite extreme. It causes Helgrind
           not to collect any information about previous accesses. This can
           be dramatically faster than --history-level=full.
           --history-level=approx provides a compromise between these two
           extremes. It causes Helgrind to show a full trace for the later
           access, and approximate information regarding the earlier access.
           This approximate information consists of two stacks, and the
           earlier access is guaranteed to have occurred somewhere between
           program points denoted by the two stacks. This is not as useful
           as showing the exact stack for the previous access (as
           --history-level=full does), but it is better than nothing, and it
           is almost as fast as --history-level=none.
       --conflict-cache-size=N [default: 1000000]
           This flag only has any effect at --history-level=full.
           Information about "old" conflicting accesses is stored in a cache
           of limited size, with LRU-style management. This is necessary
           because it isn't practical to store a stack trace for every
           single memory access made by the program. Historical information
           on not recently accessed locations is periodically discarded, to
           free up space in the cache.
           This option controls the size of the cache, in terms of the
           number of different memory addresses for which conflicting access
           information is stored. If you find that Helgrind is showing race
           errors with only one stack instead of the expected two stacks,
           try increasing this value.
           The minimum value is 10,000 and the maximum is 30,000,000 (thirty
           times the default value). Increasing the value by 1 increases
           Helgrind's memory requirement by very roughly 100 bytes, so the
           maximum value will easily eat up three extra gigabytes or so of
           memory.
       --check-stack-refs=no|yes [default: yes]
           By default Helgrind checks all data memory accesses made by your
           program. This flag enables you to skip checking for accesses to
           thread stacks (local variables). This can improve performance,
           but comes at the cost of missing races on stack-allocated data.
       --ignore-thread-creation=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Controls whether all activities during thread creation should be
           ignored. By default enabled only on Solaris. Solaris provides
           higher throughput, parallelism and scalability than other
           operating systems, at the cost of more fine-grained locking
           activity. This means for example that when a thread is created
           under glibc, just one big lock is used for all thread setup.
           Solaris libc uses several fine-grained locks and the creator
           thread resumes its activities as soon as possible, leaving for
           example stack and TLS setup sequence to the created thread. This
           situation confuses Helgrind as it assumes there is some false
           ordering in place between creator and created thread; and
           therefore many types of race conditions in the application would
           not be reported. To prevent such false ordering, this command
           line option is set to yes by default on Solaris. All activity
           (loads, stores, client requests) is therefore ignored during:
           ·   pthread_create() call in the creator thread
           ·   thread creation phase (stack and TLS setup) in the created
               thread
           Also new memory allocated during thread creation is untracked,
           that is race reporting is suppressed there. DRD does the same
           thing implicitly. This is necessary because Solaris libc caches
           many objects and reuses them for different threads and that
           confuses Helgrind.

DRD OPTIONS         top

       --check-stack-var=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Controls whether DRD detects data races on stack variables.
           Verifying stack variables is disabled by default because most
           programs do not share stack variables over threads.
       --exclusive-threshold=<n> [default: off]
           Print an error message if any mutex or writer lock has been held
           longer than the time specified in milliseconds. This option
           enables the detection of lock contention.
       --join-list-vol=<n> [default: 10]
           Data races that occur between a statement at the end of one
           thread and another thread can be missed if memory access
           information is discarded immediately after a thread has been
           joined. This option allows to specify for how many joined threads
           memory access information should be retained.
        --first-race-only=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Whether to report only the first data race that has been detected
           on a memory location or all data races that have been detected on
           a memory location.
        --free-is-write=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Whether to report races between accessing memory and freeing
           memory. Enabling this option may cause DRD to run slightly
           slower. Notes:
           ·   Don't enable this option when using custom memory allocators
               that use the VG_USERREQ__MALLOCLIKE_BLOCK and
               VG_USERREQ__FREELIKE_BLOCK because that would result in false
               positives.
           ·   Don't enable this option when using reference-counted objects
               because that will result in false positives, even when that
               code has been annotated properly with ANNOTATE_HAPPENS_BEFORE
               and ANNOTATE_HAPPENS_AFTER. See e.g. the output of the
               following command for an example: valgrind --tool=drd
               --free-is-write=yes drd/tests/annotate_smart_pointer.
        --report-signal-unlocked=<yes|no> [default: yes]
           Whether to report calls to pthread_cond_signal and
           pthread_cond_broadcast where the mutex associated with the signal
           through pthread_cond_wait or pthread_cond_timed_waitis not locked
           at the time the signal is sent. Sending a signal without holding
           a lock on the associated mutex is a common programming error
           which can cause subtle race conditions and unpredictable
           behavior. There exist some uncommon synchronization patterns
           however where it is safe to send a signal without holding a lock
           on the associated mutex.
       --segment-merging=<yes|no> [default: yes]
           Controls segment merging. Segment merging is an algorithm to
           limit memory usage of the data race detection algorithm.
           Disabling segment merging may improve the accuracy of the
           so-called 'other segments' displayed in race reports but can also
           trigger an out of memory error.
       --segment-merging-interval=<n> [default: 10]
           Perform segment merging only after the specified number of new
           segments have been created. This is an advanced configuration
           option that allows to choose whether to minimize DRD's memory
           usage by choosing a low value or to let DRD run faster by
           choosing a slightly higher value. The optimal value for this
           parameter depends on the program being analyzed. The default
           value works well for most programs.
       --shared-threshold=<n> [default: off]
           Print an error message if a reader lock has been held longer than
           the specified time (in milliseconds). This option enables the
           detection of lock contention.
       --show-confl-seg=<yes|no> [default: yes]
           Show conflicting segments in race reports. Since this information
           can help to find the cause of a data race, this option is enabled
           by default. Disabling this option makes the output of DRD more
           compact.
       --show-stack-usage=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Print stack usage at thread exit time. When a program creates a
           large number of threads it becomes important to limit the amount
           of virtual memory allocated for thread stacks. This option makes
           it possible to observe how much stack memory has been used by
           each thread of the client program. Note: the DRD tool itself
           allocates some temporary data on the client thread stack. The
           space necessary for this temporary data must be allocated by the
           client program when it allocates stack memory, but is not
           included in stack usage reported by DRD.
       --ignore-thread-creation=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Controls whether all activities during thread creation should be
           ignored. By default enabled only on Solaris. Solaris provides
           higher throughput, parallelism and scalability than other
           operating systems, at the cost of more fine-grained locking
           activity. This means for example that when a thread is created
           under glibc, just one big lock is used for all thread setup.
           Solaris libc uses several fine-grained locks and the creator
           thread resumes its activities as soon as possible, leaving for
           example stack and TLS setup sequence to the created thread. This
           situation confuses DRD as it assumes there is some false ordering
           in place between creator and created thread; and therefore many
           types of race conditions in the application would not be
           reported. To prevent such false ordering, this command line
           option is set to yes by default on Solaris. All activity (loads,
           stores, client requests) is therefore ignored during:
           ·   pthread_create() call in the creator thread
           ·   thread creation phase (stack and TLS setup) in the created
               thread
       --trace-addr=<address> [default: none]
           Trace all load and store activity for the specified address. This
           option may be specified more than once.
       --ptrace-addr=<address> [default: none]
           Trace all load and store activity for the specified address and
           keep doing that even after the memory at that address has been
           freed and reallocated.
       --trace-alloc=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Trace all memory allocations and deallocations. May produce a
           huge amount of output.
       --trace-barrier=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Trace all barrier activity.
       --trace-cond=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Trace all condition variable activity.
       --trace-fork-join=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Trace all thread creation and all thread termination events.
       --trace-hb=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Trace execution of the ANNOTATE_HAPPENS_BEFORE(),
           ANNOTATE_HAPPENS_AFTER() and ANNOTATE_HAPPENS_DONE() client
           requests.
       --trace-mutex=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Trace all mutex activity.
       --trace-rwlock=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Trace all reader-writer lock activity.
       --trace-semaphore=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Trace all semaphore activity.

MASSIF OPTIONS         top

       --heap=<yes|no> [default: yes]
           Specifies whether heap profiling should be done.
       --heap-admin=<size> [default: 8]
           If heap profiling is enabled, gives the number of administrative
           bytes per block to use. This should be an estimate of the
           average, since it may vary. For example, the allocator used by
           glibc on Linux requires somewhere between 4 to 15 bytes per
           block, depending on various factors. That allocator also requires
           admin space for freed blocks, but Massif cannot account for this.
       --stacks=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Specifies whether stack profiling should be done. This option
           slows Massif down greatly, and so is off by default. Note that
           Massif assumes that the main stack has size zero at start-up.
           This is not true, but doing otherwise accurately is difficult.
           Furthermore, starting at zero better indicates the size of the
           part of the main stack that a user program actually has control
           over.
       --pages-as-heap=<yes|no> [default: no]
           Tells Massif to profile memory at the page level rather than at
           the malloc'd block level. See above for details.
       --depth=<number> [default: 30]
           Maximum depth of the allocation trees recorded for detailed
           snapshots. Increasing it will make Massif run somewhat more
           slowly, use more memory, and produce bigger output files.
       --alloc-fn=<name>
           Functions specified with this option will be treated as though
           they were a heap allocation function such as malloc. This is
           useful for functions that are wrappers to malloc or new, which
           can fill up the allocation trees with uninteresting information.
           This option can be specified multiple times on the command line,
           to name multiple functions.
           Note that the named function will only be treated this way if it
           is the top entry in a stack trace, or just below another function
           treated this way. For example, if you have a function malloc1
           that wraps malloc, and malloc2 that wraps malloc1, just
           specifying --alloc-fn=malloc2 will have no effect. You need to
           specify --alloc-fn=malloc1 as well. This is a little
           inconvenient, but the reason is that checking for allocation
           functions is slow, and it saves a lot of time if Massif can stop
           looking through the stack trace entries as soon as it finds one
           that doesn't match rather than having to continue through all the
           entries.
           Note that C++ names are demangled. Note also that overloaded C++
           names must be written in full. Single quotes may be necessary to
           prevent the shell from breaking them up. For example:
               --alloc-fn='operator new(unsigned, std::nothrow_t const&)'
       --ignore-fn=<name>
           Any direct heap allocation (i.e. a call to malloc, new, etc, or a
           call to a function named by an --alloc-fn option) that occurs in
           a function specified by this option will be ignored. This is
           mostly useful for testing purposes. This option can be specified
           multiple times on the command line, to name multiple functions.
           Any realloc of an ignored block will also be ignored, even if the
           realloc call does not occur in an ignored function. This avoids
           the possibility of negative heap sizes if ignored blocks are
           shrunk with realloc.
           The rules for writing C++ function names are the same as for
           --alloc-fn above.
       --threshold=<m.n> [default: 1.0]
           The significance threshold for heap allocations, as a percentage
           of total memory size. Allocation tree entries that account for
           less than this will be aggregated. Note that this should be
           specified in tandem with ms_print's option of the same name.
       --peak-inaccuracy=<m.n> [default: 1.0]
           Massif does not necessarily record the actual global memory
           allocation peak; by default it records a peak only when the
           global memory allocation size exceeds the previous peak by at
           least 1.0%. This is because there can be many local allocation
           peaks along the way, and doing a detailed snapshot for every one
           would be expensive and wasteful, as all but one of them will be
           later discarded. This inaccuracy can be changed (even to 0.0%)
           via this option, but Massif will run drastically slower as the
           number approaches zero.
       --time-unit=<i|ms|B> [default: i]
           The time unit used for the profiling. There are three
           possibilities: instructions executed (i), which is good for most
           cases; real (wallclock) time (ms, i.e. milliseconds), which is
           sometimes useful; and bytes allocated/deallocated on the heap
           and/or stack (B), which is useful for very short-run programs,
           and for testing purposes, because it is the most reproducible
           across different machines.
       --detailed-freq=<n> [default: 10]
           Frequency of detailed snapshots. With --detailed-freq=1, every
           snapshot is detailed.
       --max-snapshots=<n> [default: 100]
           The maximum number of snapshots recorded. If set to N, for all
           programs except very short-running ones, the final number of
           snapshots will be between N/2 and N.
       --massif-out-file=<file> [default: massif.out.%p]
           Write the profile data to file rather than to the default output
           file, massif.out.<pid>. The %p and %q format specifiers can be
           used to embed the process ID and/or the contents of an
           environment variable in the name, as is the case for the core
           option --log-file.

SGCHECK OPTIONS         top

       There are no SGCheck-specific command-line options at present.

BBV OPTIONS         top

       --bb-out-file=<name> [default: bb.out.%p]
           This option selects the name of the basic block vector file. The
           %p and %q format specifiers can be used to embed the process ID
           and/or the contents of an environment variable in the name, as is
           the case for the core option --log-file.
       --pc-out-file=<name> [default: pc.out.%p]
           This option selects the name of the PC file. This file holds
           program counter addresses and function name info for the various
           basic blocks. This can be used in conjunction with the basic
           block vector file to fast-forward via function names instead of
           just instruction counts. The %p and %q format specifiers can be
           used to embed the process ID and/or the contents of an
           environment variable in the name, as is the case for the core
           option --log-file.
       --interval-size=<number> [default: 100000000]
           This option selects the size of the interval to use. The default
           is 100 million instructions, which is a commonly used value.
           Other sizes can be used; smaller intervals can help programs with
           finer-grained phases. However smaller interval size can lead to
           accuracy issues due to warm-up effects (When fast-forwarding the
           various architectural features will be un-initialized, and it
           will take some number of instructions before they "warm up" to
           the state a full simulation would be at without the
           fast-forwarding. Large interval sizes tend to mitigate this.)
       --instr-count-only [default: no]
           This option tells the tool to only display instruction count
           totals, and to not generate the actual basic block vector file.
           This is useful for debugging, and for gathering instruction count
           info without generating the large basic block vector files.

LACKEY OPTIONS         top

       --basic-counts=<no|yes> [default: yes]
           When enabled, Lackey prints the following statistics and
           information about the execution of the client program:
            1. The number of calls to the function specified by the --fnname
               option (the default is main). If the program has had its
               symbols stripped, the count will always be zero.
            2. The number of conditional branches encountered and the number
               and proportion of those taken.
            3. The number of superblocks entered and completed by the
               program. Note that due to optimisations done by the JIT, this
               is not at all an accurate value.
            4. The number of guest (x86, amd64, ppc, etc.) instructions and
               IR statements executed. IR is Valgrind's RISC-like
               intermediate representation via which all instrumentation is
               done.
            5. Ratios between some of these counts.
            6. The exit code of the client program.
       --detailed-counts=<no|yes> [default: no]
           When enabled, Lackey prints a table containing counts of loads,
           stores and ALU operations, differentiated by their IR types. The
           IR types are identified by their IR name ("I1", "I8", ... "I128",
           "F32", "F64", and "V128").
       --trace-mem=<no|yes> [default: no]
           When enabled, Lackey prints the size and address of almost every
           memory access made by the program. See the comments at the top of
           the file lackey/lk_main.c for details about the output format,
           how it works, and inaccuracies in the address trace. Note that
           this option produces immense amounts of output.
       --trace-superblocks=<no|yes> [default: no]
           When enabled, Lackey prints out the address of every superblock
           (a single entry, multiple exit, linear chunk of code) executed by
           the program. This is primarily of interest to Valgrind
           developers. See the comments at the top of the file
           lackey/lk_main.c for details about the output format. Note that
           this option produces large amounts of output.
       --fnname=<name> [default: main]
           Changes the function for which calls are counted when
           --basic-counts=yes is specified.

SEE ALSO         top

       cg_annotate(1), callgrind_annotate(1), callgrind_control(1),
       ms_print(1), $INSTALL/share/doc/valgrind/html/index.html or
       http://www.valgrind.org/docs/manual/index.html, Debugging your
       program using Valgrind's gdbserver and GDB[1]vgdb[2], Valgrind
       monitor commands[3], The Commentary[4], Scheduling and Multi-Thread
       Performance[5], Cachegrind: a cache and branch-prediction
       profiler[6].

AUTHOR         top

       See the AUTHORS file in the valgrind distribution for a comprehensive
       list of authors.
       This manpage was written by Andres Roldan <aroldan@debian.org> and
       the Valgrind developers.

NOTES         top

        1. Debugging your program using Valgrind's gdbserver and GDB
           http://www.valgrind.org/docs/manual/manual-core-adv.html#manual-core-adv.gdbserver
        2. vgdb
           http://www.valgrind.org/docs/manual/manual-core-adv.html#manual-core-adv.vgdb
        3. Valgrind monitor commands
           http://www.valgrind.org/docs/manual/manual-core-adv.html#manual-core-adv.valgrind-monitor-commands
        4. The Commentary
           http://www.valgrind.org/docs/manual/manual-core.html#manual-core.comment
        5. Scheduling and Multi-Thread Performance
           http://www.valgrind.org/docs/manual/manual-core.html#manual-core.pthreads_perf_sched
        6. Cachegrind: a cache and branch-prediction profiler
           http://www.valgrind.org/docs/manual/cg-manual.html

COLOPHON         top

       This page is part of the valgrind (a system for debugging and
       profiling Linux programs) project.  Information about the project can
       be found at ⟨http://www.valgrind.org/⟩.  If you have a bug report for
       this manual page, see 
       ⟨http://www.valgrind.org/support/bug_reports.html⟩.  This page was
       obtained from the project's upstream Subversion repository 
       ⟨svn://svn.valgrind.org/valgrind/trunk⟩ on 2017-07-05.  If you dis‐
       cover any rendering problems in this HTML version of the page, or you
       believe there is a better or more up-to-date source for the page, or
       you have corrections or improvements to the information in this
       COLOPHON (which is not part of the original manual page), send a mail
       to man-pages@man7.org
Release 3.13.0                   07/05/2017                      VALGRIND(1)