Reed-Solomon Library Programming Interface¶

Author:	Thomas Gleixner

Introduction¶

The generic Reed-Solomon Library provides encoding, decoding and error correction functions.

Reed-Solomon codes are used in communication and storage applications to ensure data integrity.

This documentation is provided for developers who want to utilize the functions provided by the library.

Known Bugs And Assumptions¶

None.

Usage¶

This chapter provides examples of how to use the library.

Initializing¶

The init function init_rs returns a pointer to an rs decoder structure, which holds the necessary information for encoding, decoding and error correction with the given polynomial. It either uses an existing matching decoder or creates a new one. On creation all the lookup tables for fast en/decoding are created. The function may take a while, so make sure not to call it in critical code paths.

/* the Reed Solomon control structure */
static struct rs_control *rs_decoder;

/* Symbolsize is 10 (bits)
 * Primitive polynomial is x^10+x^3+1
 * first consecutive root is 0
 * primitive element to generate roots = 1
 * generator polynomial degree (number of roots) = 6
 */
rs_decoder = init_rs (10, 0x409, 0, 1, 6);

Encoding¶

The encoder calculates the Reed-Solomon code over the given data length and stores the result in the parity buffer. Note that the parity buffer must be initialized before calling the encoder.

The expanded data can be inverted on the fly by providing a non-zero inversion mask. The expanded data is XOR’ed with the mask. This is used e.g. for FLASH ECC, where the all 0xFF is inverted to an all 0x00. The Reed-Solomon code for all 0x00 is all 0x00. The code is inverted before storing to FLASH so it is 0xFF too. This prevents that reading from an erased FLASH results in ECC errors.

The databytes are expanded to the given symbol size on the fly. There is no support for encoding continuous bitstreams with a symbol size != 8 at the moment. If it is necessary it should be not a big deal to implement such functionality.

/* Parity buffer. Size = number of roots */
uint16_t par[6];
/* Initialize the parity buffer */
memset(par, 0, sizeof(par));
/* Encode 512 byte in data8. Store parity in buffer par */
encode_rs8 (rs_decoder, data8, 512, par, 0);

Decoding¶

The decoder calculates the syndrome over the given data length and the received parity symbols and corrects errors in the data.

If a syndrome is available from a hardware decoder then the syndrome calculation is skipped.

The correction of the data buffer can be suppressed by providing a correction pattern buffer and an error location buffer to the decoder. The decoder stores the calculated error location and the correction bitmask in the given buffers. This is useful for hardware decoders which use a weird bit ordering scheme.

The databytes are expanded to the given symbol size on the fly. There is no support for decoding continuous bitstreams with a symbolsize != 8 at the moment. If it is necessary it should be not a big deal to implement such functionality.

Decoding with syndrome calculation, direct data correction¶

/* Parity buffer. Size = number of roots */
uint16_t par[6];
uint8_t  data[512];
int numerr;
/* Receive data */
.....
/* Receive parity */
.....
/* Decode 512 byte in data8.*/
numerr = decode_rs8 (rs_decoder, data8, par, 512, NULL, 0, NULL, 0, NULL);

Decoding with syndrome given by hardware decoder, direct data correction¶

/* Parity buffer. Size = number of roots */
uint16_t par[6], syn[6];
uint8_t  data[512];
int numerr;
/* Receive data */
.....
/* Receive parity */
.....
/* Get syndrome from hardware decoder */
.....
/* Decode 512 byte in data8.*/
numerr = decode_rs8 (rs_decoder, data8, par, 512, syn, 0, NULL, 0, NULL);

Decoding with syndrome given by hardware decoder, no direct data correction.¶

Note: It’s not necessary to give data and received parity to the decoder.

/* Parity buffer. Size = number of roots */
uint16_t par[6], syn[6], corr[8];
uint8_t  data[512];
int numerr, errpos[8];
/* Receive data */
.....
/* Receive parity */
.....
/* Get syndrome from hardware decoder */
.....
/* Decode 512 byte in data8.*/
numerr = decode_rs8 (rs_decoder, NULL, NULL, 512, syn, 0, errpos, 0, corr);
for (i = 0; i < numerr; i++) {
    do_error_correction_in_your_buffer(errpos[i], corr[i]);
}

Cleanup¶

The function free_rs frees the allocated resources, if the caller is the last user of the decoder.

/* Release resources */
free_rs(rs_decoder);

Structures¶

This chapter contains the autogenerated documentation of the structures which are used in the Reed-Solomon Library and are relevant for a developer.

struct rs_codec¶: rs codec data

Definition

struct rs_codec {
  int mm;
  int nn;
  uint16_t *alpha_to;
  uint16_t *index_of;
  uint16_t *genpoly;
  int nroots;
  int fcr;
  int prim;
  int iprim;
  int gfpoly;
  int (*gffunc)(int);
  int users;
  struct list_head list;
};

Members

mm: Bits per symbol
nn: Symbols per block (= (1<<mm)-1)
alpha_to: log lookup table
index_of: Antilog lookup table
genpoly: Generator polynomial
nroots: Number of generator roots = number of parity symbols
fcr: First consecutive root, index form
prim: Primitive element, index form
iprim: prim-th root of 1, index form
gfpoly: The primitive generator polynominal
gffunc: Function to generate the field, if non-canonical representation
users: Users of this structure
list: List entry for the rs codec list

struct rs_control¶: rs control structure per instance

Definition

struct rs_control {
  struct rs_codec *codec;
  uint16_t buffers[0];
};

Members

codec: The codec used for this instance
buffers: Internal scratch buffers used in calls to decode_rs()

struct rs_control * init_rs(int symsize, int gfpoly, int fcr, int prim, int nroots)¶: Create a RS control struct and initialize it

Parameters

int symsize: the symbol size (number of bits)
int gfpoly: the extended Galois field generator polynomial coefficients, with the 0th coefficient in the low order bit. The polynomial must be primitive;
int fcr: the first consecutive root of the rs code generator polynomial in index form
int prim: primitive element to generate polynomial roots
int nroots: RS code generator polynomial degree (number of roots)

Description

Allocations use GFP_KERNEL.

Public Functions Provided¶

This chapter contains the autogenerated documentation of the Reed-Solomon functions which are exported.

void free_rs(struct rs_control * rs)¶: Free the rs control structure

Parameters

struct rs_control * rs: The control structure which is not longer used by the caller

Description

Free the control structure. If rs is the last user of the associated codec, free the codec as well.

struct rs_control * init_rs_gfp(int symsize, int gfpoly, int fcr, int prim, int nroots, gfp_t gfp)¶: Create a RS control struct and initialize it

Parameters

int symsize: the symbol size (number of bits)
int gfpoly: the extended Galois field generator polynomial coefficients, with the 0th coefficient in the low order bit. The polynomial must be primitive;
int fcr: the first consecutive root of the rs code generator polynomial in index form
int prim: primitive element to generate polynomial roots
int nroots: RS code generator polynomial degree (number of roots)
gfp_t gfp: Memory allocation flags.

struct rs_control * init_rs_non_canonical(int symsize, int (*gffunc) (int, int fcr, int prim, int nroots)¶: Allocate rs control struct for fields with non-canonical representation

Parameters

int symsize: the symbol size (number of bits)
int (*)(int) gffunc: pointer to function to generate the next field element, or the multiplicative identity element if given 0. Used instead of gfpoly if gfpoly is 0
int fcr: the first consecutive root of the rs code generator polynomial in index form
int prim: primitive element to generate polynomial roots
int nroots: RS code generator polynomial degree (number of roots)

int encode_rs8(struct rs_control * rsc, uint8_t * data, int len, uint16_t * par, uint16_t invmsk)¶: Calculate the parity for data values (8bit data width)

Parameters

struct rs_control * rsc: the rs control structure
uint8_t * data: data field of a given type
int len: data length
uint16_t * par: parity data, must be initialized by caller (usually all 0)
uint16_t invmsk: invert data mask (will be xored on data)

Description

The parity uses a uint16_t data type to enable symbol size > 8. The calling code must take care of encoding of the syndrome result for storage itself.

int decode_rs8(struct rs_control * rsc, uint8_t * data, uint16_t * par, int len, uint16_t * s, int no_eras, int * eras_pos, uint16_t invmsk, uint16_t * corr)¶: Decode codeword (8bit data width)

Parameters

struct rs_control * rsc: the rs control structure
uint8_t * data: data field of a given type
uint16_t * par: received parity data field
int len: data length
uint16_t * s: syndrome data field, must be in index form (if NULL, syndrome is calculated)
int no_eras: number of erasures
int * eras_pos: position of erasures, can be NULL
uint16_t invmsk: invert data mask (will be xored on data, not on parity!)
uint16_t * corr: buffer to store correction bitmask on eras_pos

Description

The syndrome and parity uses a uint16_t data type to enable symbol size > 8. The calling code must take care of decoding of the syndrome result and the received parity before calling this code.

Note

The rs_control struct rsc contains buffers which are used for

decoding, so the caller has to ensure that decoder invocations are serialized.

Returns the number of corrected symbols or -EBADMSG for uncorrectable errors. The count includes errors in the parity.

int encode_rs16(struct rs_control * rsc, uint16_t * data, int len, uint16_t * par, uint16_t invmsk)¶: Calculate the parity for data values (16bit data width)

Parameters

struct rs_control * rsc: the rs control structure
uint16_t * data: data field of a given type
int len: data length
uint16_t * par: parity data, must be initialized by caller (usually all 0)
uint16_t invmsk: invert data mask (will be xored on data, not on parity!)

Description

Each field in the data array contains up to symbol size bits of valid data.

int decode_rs16(struct rs_control * rsc, uint16_t * data, uint16_t * par, int len, uint16_t * s, int no_eras, int * eras_pos, uint16_t invmsk, uint16_t * corr)¶: Decode codeword (16bit data width)

Parameters

struct rs_control * rsc: the rs control structure
uint16_t * data: data field of a given type
uint16_t * par: received parity data field
int len: data length
uint16_t * s: syndrome data field, must be in index form (if NULL, syndrome is calculated)
int no_eras: number of erasures
int * eras_pos: position of erasures, can be NULL
uint16_t invmsk: invert data mask (will be xored on data, not on parity!)
uint16_t * corr: buffer to store correction bitmask on eras_pos

Description

Each field in the data array contains up to symbol size bits of valid data.

Note

The rc_control struct rsc contains buffers which are used for

decoding, so the caller has to ensure that decoder invocations are serialized.

Returns the number of corrected symbols or -EBADMSG for uncorrectable errors. The count includes errors in the parity.

Credits¶

The library code for encoding and decoding was written by Phil Karn.

Copyright 2002, Phil Karn, KA9Q
May be used under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)

The wrapper functions and interfaces are written by Thomas Gleixner.

Many users have provided bugfixes, improvements and helping hands for testing. Thanks a lot.

The following people have contributed to this document:

Thomas Gleixnertglx@linutronix.de