7 SQL*Loader Concepts

These sections describe SQL*Loader concepts.

You should understand these basic concepts before using SQL*Loader to load data into an Oracle database:

7.1 SQL*Loader Features

SQL*Loader loads data from external files into tables of an Oracle database.

It has a powerful data parsing engine that puts little limitation on the format of the data in the data file. You can use SQL*Loader to do the following:

  • Load data across a network if your data files are on a different system than the database.

  • Load data from multiple data files during the same load session.

  • Load data into multiple tables during the same load session.

  • Specify the character set of the data.

  • Selectively load data (you can load records based on the records' values).

  • Manipulate the data before loading it, using SQL functions.

  • Generate unique sequential key values in specified columns.

  • Use the operating system's file system to access the data files.

  • Load data from disk, tape, or named pipe.

  • Generate sophisticated error reports, which greatly aid troubleshooting.

  • Load arbitrarily complex object-relational data.

  • Use secondary data files for loading LOBs and collections.

  • Use conventional, direct path, or external table loads. See Conventional Path Loads_ Direct Path Loads_ and External Table Loads.

You can use SQL*Loader in two ways: with or without a control file. A control file controls the behavior of SQL*Loader and one or more data files used in the load. Using a control file gives you more control over the load operation, which might be desirable for more complicated load situations. But for simple loads, you can use SQL*Loader without specifying a control file; this is referred to as SQL*Loader express mode. See SQL*Loader Express .

The output of SQL*Loader is an Oracle database (where the data is loaded), a log file, a bad file if there are rejected records, and potentially, a discard file.

The following figure shows an example of the flow of a typical SQL*Loader session that uses a control file.

7.2 SQL*Loader Parameters

SQL*Loader is started when you specify the sqlldr command and, optionally, parameters that establish various characteristics of the load operation.

In situations where you always use the same parameters for which the values seldom change, it can be more efficient to specify parameters using the following methods, rather than on the command line:

  • Parameters can be grouped together in a parameter file. You could then specify the name of the parameter file on the command line using the PARFILE parameter.

  • Certain parameters can also be specified within the SQL*Loader control file by using the OPTIONS clause.

Parameters specified on the command line override any parameter values specified in a parameter file or OPTIONS clause.

See Also:

7.3 SQL*Loader Control File

The control file is a text file written in a language that SQL*Loader understands.

The control file tells SQL*Loader where to find the data, how to parse and interpret the data, where to insert the data, and more.

In general, the control file has three main sections, in the following order:

  • Session-wide information

  • Table and field-list information

  • Input data (optional section)

Some control file syntax considerations to keep in mind are:

  • The syntax is free-format (statements can extend over multiple lines).

  • The syntax is case-insensitive; however, strings enclosed in single or double quotation marks are taken literally, including case.

  • In control file syntax, comments extend from the two hyphens (--) that mark the beginning of the comment to the end of the line. The optional third section of the control file is interpreted as data rather than as control file syntax; consequently, comments in this section are not supported.

  • The keywords CONSTANT and ZONE have special meaning to SQL*Loader and are therefore reserved. To avoid potential conflicts, Oracle recommends that you do not use either CONSTANT or ZONE as a name for any tables or columns.

    See Also:

    SQL*Loader Control File Reference for details about control file syntax and semantics

7.4 Input Data and Data Files

SQL*Loader reads data from one or more data files (or operating system equivalents of files) specified in the control file.

From SQL*Loader's perspective, the data in the data file is organized as records. A particular data file can be in fixed record format, variable record format, or stream record format. The record format can be specified in the control file with the INFILE parameter. If no record format is specified, then the default is stream record format.

Note:

If data is specified inside the control file (that is, INFILE * was specified in the control file), then the data is interpreted in the stream record format with the default record terminator.

7.4.1 Fixed Record Format

A file is in fixed record format when all records in a data file are the same byte length.

Although this format is the least flexible, it results in better performance than variable or stream format. Fixed format is also simple to specify. For example:

INFILE datafile_name "fix n"

This example specifies that SQL*Loader should interpret the particular data file as being in fixed record format where every record is n bytes long.

Example 7-1 shows a control file that specifies a data file (example1.dat) to be interpreted in the fixed record format. The data file in the example contains five physical records; each record has fields that contain the number and name of an employee. Each of the five records is 11 bytes long, including spaces. For the purposes of explaining this example, periods are used to represent spaces in the records, but in the actual records there would be no periods. With that in mind, the first physical record is 396,...ty,. which is exactly eleven bytes (assuming a single-byte character set). The second record is 4922,beth, followed by the newline character (\n) which is the eleventh byte, and so on. (Newline characters are not required with the fixed record format; it is simply used here to illustrate that if used, it counts as a byte in the record length.)

Note that the length is always interpreted in bytes, even if character-length semantics are in effect for the file. This is necessary because the file could contain a mix of fields, some of which are processed with character-length semantics and others which are processed with byte-length semantics. See Character-Length Semantics.

Example 7-1 Loading Data in Fixed Record Format

load data
infile 'example1.dat'  "fix 11"
into table example
fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"'
(col1, col2)

example1.dat:

396,...ty,.4922,beth,\n
68773,ben,.
1,.."dave",
5455,mike,.

7.4.2 Variable Record Format

A file is in variable record format when the length of each record in a character field is included at the beginning of each record in the data file.

This format provides some added flexibility over the fixed record format and a performance advantage over the stream record format. For example, you can specify a data file that is to be interpreted as being in variable record format as follows:

INFILE "datafile_name" "var n"

In this example, n specifies the number of bytes in the record length field. If n is not specified, then SQL*Loader assumes a length of 5 bytes. Specifying n larger than 40 results in an error.

Example 7-2 shows a control file specification that tells SQL*Loader to look for data in the data file example2.dat and to expect variable record format where the record's first three bytes indicate the length of the field. The example2.dat data file consists of three physical records. The first is specified to be 009 (9) bytes long, the second is 010 (10) bytes long (plus a 1-byte newline), and the third is 012 (12) bytes long (plus a 1-byte newline). Note that newline characters are not required with the variable record format. This example also assumes a single-byte character set for the data file. For the purposes of this example, periods in example2.dat represent spaces; the fields do not contain actual periods.

The lengths are always interpreted in bytes, even if character-length semantics are in effect for the file. This is necessary because the file could contain a mix of fields, some processed with character-length semantics and others processed with byte-length semantics. See Character-Length Semantics.

Example 7-2 Loading Data in Variable Record Format

load data
infile 'example2.dat'  "var 3"
into table example
fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"'
(col1 char(5),
 col2 char(7))

example2.dat:
009.396,.ty,0104922,beth,
012..68773,ben,

7.4.3 Stream Record Format

A file is in stream record format when the records are not specified by size; instead SQL*Loader forms records by scanning for the record terminator.

Stream record format is the most flexible format, but there can be a negative effect on performance. The specification of a data file to be interpreted as being in stream record format looks similar to the following:

INFILE datafile_name ["str terminator_string"]

The str indicates the file is in stream record format. The terminator_string is specified as either 'char_string' or X'hex_string' where:

  • 'char_string' is a string of characters enclosed in single or double quotation marks

  • X'hex_string' is a byte string in hexadecimal format

When the terminator_string contains special (nonprintable) characters, it should be specified as an X'hex_string'. However, some nonprintable characters can be specified as ('char_string') by using a backslash. For example:

  • \n indicates a line feed

  • \t indicates a horizontal tab

  • \f indicates a form feed

  • \v indicates a vertical tab

  • \r indicates a carriage return

If the character set specified with the NLS_LANG initialization parameter for your session is different from the character set of the data file, then character strings are converted to the character set of the data file. This is done before SQL*Loader checks for the default record terminator.

Hexadecimal strings are assumed to be in the character set of the data file, so no conversion is performed.

On UNIX-based platforms, if no terminator_string is specified, then SQL*Loader defaults to the line feed character, \n.

On Windows-based platforms, if no terminator_string is specified, then SQL*Loader uses either \n or \r\n as the record terminator, depending on which one it finds first in the data file. This means that if you know that one or more records in your data file has \n embedded in a field, but you want \r\n to be used as the record terminator, then you must specify it.

Example 7-3 illustrates loading data in stream record format where the terminator string is specified using a character string, '|\n'. The use of the backslash character allows the character string to specify the nonprintable line feed character.

See Also:

Example 7-3 Loading Data in Stream Record Format

load data
infile 'example3.dat'  "str '|\n'"
into table example
fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"'
(col1 char(5),
 col2 char(7))

example3.dat:
396,ty,|
4922,beth,|

7.4.4 Logical Records

SQL*Loader organizes the input data into physical records, according to the specified record format. By default, a physical record is a logical record.

For added flexibility, SQL*Loader can be instructed to combine several physical records into a logical record.

SQL*Loader can be instructed to follow one of the following logical record-forming strategies:

7.4.5 Data Fields

Once a logical record is formed, field setting on the logical record is done.

Field setting is a process in which SQL*Loader uses control-file field specifications to determine which parts of logical record data correspond to which control-file fields. It is possible for two or more field specifications to claim the same data. Also, it is possible for a logical record to contain data that is not claimed by any control-file field specification.

Most control-file field specifications claim a particular part of the logical record. This mapping takes the following forms:

  • The byte position of the data field's beginning, end, or both, can be specified. This specification form is not the most flexible, but it provides high field-setting performance.

  • The strings delimiting (enclosing, terminating, or both) a particular data field can be specified. A delimited data field is assumed to start where the last data field ended, unless the byte position of the start of the data field is specified.

  • You can specify the byte offset, the length of the data field, or both. This way each field starts a specified number of bytes from where the last one ended and continues for a specified length.

  • Length-value data types can be used. In this case, the first n number of bytes of the data field contain information about how long the rest of the data field is.

7.5 LOBFILEs and Secondary Data Files (SDFs)

LOB data can be lengthy enough that it makes sense to load it from a LOBFILE.

LOB data can be lengthy enough that it makes sense to load it from a LOBFILE. In LOBFILEs, LOB data instances are still considered to be in fields (predetermined size, delimited, length-value), but these fields are not organized into records (the concept of a record does not exist within LOBFILEs). Therefore, the processing overhead of dealing with records is avoided. This type of organization of data is ideal for LOB loading.

For example, you might have a table that stores employee names, IDs, and their resumes. When loading this table, you could read the employee names and IDs from the main data files and you could read the resumes, which can be quite lengthy, from LOBFILEs.

You might also use LOBFILEs to facilitate the loading of XML data. You can use XML columns to hold data that models structured and semistructured data. Such data can be quite lengthy.

Secondary data files (SDFs) are similar in concept to primary data files. Like primary data files, SDFs are a collection of records, and each record is made up of fields. The SDFs are specified on a per control-file-field basis. Only a collection_fld_spec can name an SDF as its data source.

SDFs are specified using the SDF parameter. The SDF parameter can be followed by either the file specification string, or a FILLER field that is mapped to a data field containing one or more file specification strings.

7.6 Data Conversion and Data Type Specification

During a conventional path load, data fields in the data file are converted into columns in the database (direct path loads are conceptually similar, but the implementation is different).

There are two conversion steps:

  1. SQL*Loader uses the field specifications in the control file to interpret the format of the data file, parse the input data, and populate the bind arrays that correspond to a SQL INSERT statement using that data. A bind array is an area in memory where SQL*Loader stores data that is to be loaded. When the bind array is full, the data is transmitted to the database. The bind array size is controlled by the SQL*Loader BINDSIZE and READSIZE parameters.

  2. The database accepts the data and executes the INSERT statement to store the data in the database.

Oracle Database uses the data type of the column to convert the data into its final, stored form. Keep in mind the distinction between a field in a data file and a column in the database. Remember also that the field data types defined in a SQL*Loader control file are not the same as the column data types.

See Also:

7.7 Discarded and Rejected Records

Records read from the input file might not be inserted into the database.

Such records are placed in either a bad file or a discard file.

7.7.1 The Bad File

The bad file contains records that were rejected, either by SQL*Loader or by the Oracle database.

If you do not specify a bad file and there are rejected records, then SQL*Loader automatically creates one. It will have the same name as the data file, with a .bad extension. Some of the possible reasons for rejection are discussed in the next sections.

7.7.1.1 Records Rejected by SQL*Loader

Data file records are rejected by SQL*Loader when the input format is invalid.

For example, if the second enclosure delimiter is missing, or if a delimited field exceeds its maximum length, then SQL*Loader rejects the record. Rejected records are placed in the bad file.

7.7.1.2 Records Rejected by Oracle Database During a SQL*Loader Operation

After a data file record is accepted for processing by SQL*Loader, it is sent to the database for insertion into a table as a row.

If the database determines that the row is valid, then the row is inserted into the table. If the row is determined to be invalid, then the record is rejected and SQL*Loader puts it in the bad file. The row may be invalid, for example, because a key is not unique, because a required field is null, or because the field contains invalid data for the Oracle data type.

See Also:

7.7.2 The Discard File

As SQL*Loader executes, it may create a file called the discard file.

This file is created only when it is needed, and only if you have specified that a discard file should be enabled. The discard file contains records that were filtered out of the load because they did not match any record-selection criteria specified in the control file.

The discard file therefore contains records that were not inserted into any table in the database. You can specify the maximum number of such records that the discard file can accept. Data written to any database table is not written to the discard file.

See Also:

7.8 Log File and Logging Information

When SQL*Loader begins execution, it creates a log file.

If it cannot create a log file, then execution terminates. The log file contains a detailed summary of the load, including a description of any errors that occurred during the load.

7.9 Conventional Path Loads, Direct Path Loads, and External Table Loads

SQL*Loader provides several methods to load data.

7.9.1 Conventional Path Loads

During conventional path loads, the input records are parsed according to the field specifications, and each data field is copied to its corresponding bind array (an area in memory where SQL*Loader stores data to be loaded).

When the bind array is full (or no more data is left to read), an array insert operation is performed.

SQL*Loader stores LOB fields after a bind array insert is done. Thus, if there are any errors in processing the LOB field (for example, the LOBFILE could not be found), then the LOB field is left empty. Note also that because LOB data is loaded after the array insert has been performed, BEFORE and AFTER row triggers may not work as expected for LOB columns. This is because the triggers fire before SQL*Loader has a chance to load the LOB contents into the column. For instance, suppose you are loading a LOB column, C1, with data and you want a BEFORE row trigger to examine the contents of this LOB column and derive a value to be loaded for some other column, C2, based on its examination. This is not possible because the LOB contents will not have been loaded at the time the trigger fires.

7.9.2 Direct Path Loads

A direct path load parses the input records according to the field specifications, converts the input field data to the column data type, and builds a column array.

The column array is passed to a block formatter, which creates data blocks in Oracle database block format. The newly formatted database blocks are written directly to the database, bypassing much of the data processing that normally takes place. Direct path load is much faster than conventional path load, but entails several restrictions.

7.9.2.1 Parallel Direct Path

A parallel direct path load allows multiple direct path load sessions to concurrently load the same data segments (allows intrasegment parallelism).

Parallel direct path is more restrictive than direct path.

7.9.3 External Table Loads

External tables are defined as tables that do not reside in the database, and can be in any format for which an access driver is provided.

Oracle Database provides two access drivers: ORACLE_LOADER and ORACLE_DATAPUMP. By providing the database with metadata describing an external table, the database is able to expose the data in the external table as if it were data residing in a regular database table.

An external table load creates an external table for data that is contained in an external data file. The load executes INSERT statements to insert the data from the data file into the target table.

The advantages of using external table loads over conventional path and direct path loads are as follows:

  • If a data file is big enough, then an external table load attempts to load that file in parallel.

  • An external table load allows modification of the data being loaded by using SQL functions and PL/SQL functions as part of the INSERT statement that is used to create the external table.

Note:

An external table load is not supported using a named pipe on Windows operating systems.

See Also:

7.9.4 Choosing External Tables Versus SQL*Loader

The record parsing of external tables and SQL*Loader is very similar, so normally there is not a major performance difference for the same record format. However, due to the different architecture of external tables and SQL*Loader, there are situations in which one method may be more appropriate than the other.

Use external tables for the best load performance in the following situations:

  • You want to transform the data as it is being loaded into the database

  • You want to use transparent parallel processing without having to split the external data first

Use SQL*Loader for the best load performance in the following situations:

  • You want to load data remotely

  • Transformations are not required on the data, and the data does not need to be loaded in parallel

  • You want to load data, and additional indexing of the staging table is required

7.9.5 Behavior Differences Between SQL*Loader and External Tables

This section describes important differences between loading data with external tables, using the ORACLE_LOADER access driver, as opposed to loading data with SQL*Loader conventional and direct path loads.

This information does not apply to the ORACLE_DATAPUMP access driver.

7.9.5.1 Multiple Primary Input Data Files

If there are multiple primary input data files with SQL*Loader loads, then a bad file and a discard file are created for each input data file.

With external table loads, there is only one bad file and one discard file for all input data files. If parallel access drivers are used for the external table load, then each access driver has its own bad file and discard file.

7.9.5.2 Syntax and Data Types

This section provides a description of unsupported syntax and data types with external table loads.

  • Use of CONTINUEIF or CONCATENATE to combine multiple physical records into a single logical record.

  • Loading of the following SQL*Loader data types: GRAPHIC, GRAPHIC EXTERNAL, and VARGRAPHIC

  • Use of the following database column types: LONG, nested table, VARRAY, REF, primary key REF, and SID

7.9.5.3 Byte-Order Marks

With SQL*Loader, if a primary data file uses a Unicode character set (UTF8 or UTF16) and it also contains a byte-order mark (BOM), then the byte-order mark is written at the beginning of the corresponding bad and discard files.

With external table loads, the byte-order mark is not written at the beginning of the bad and discard files.

7.9.5.4 Default Character Sets, Date Masks, and Decimal Separator

For fields in a data file, the settings of NLS environment variables on the client determine the default character set, date mask, and decimal separator.

For fields in a data file, the settings of NLS environment variables on the client determine the default character set, date mask, and decimal separator. For fields in external tables, the database settings of the NLS parameters determine the default character set, date masks, and decimal separator.

7.9.5.5 Use of the Backslash Escape Character

This section describes how to use the backslash escape character.

In SQL*Loader, you can use the backslash (\) escape character to identify a single quotation mark as the enclosure character, as follows:

FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '\''

In external tables, the use of the backslash escape character within a string raises an error. The workaround is to use double quotation marks to identify a single quotation mark as the enclosure character, as follows:

TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY "'"

7.10 Loading Objects, Collections, and LOBs

You can use SQL*Loader to bulk load objects, collections, and LOBs.

7.10.1 Supported Object Types

SQL*Loader supports loading of the column and row object types.

7.10.1.1 column objects

When a column of a table is of some object type, the objects in that column are referred to as column objects.

Conceptually such objects are stored in their entirety in a single column position in a row. These objects do not have object identifiers and cannot be referenced.

If the object type of the column object is declared to be nonfinal, then SQL*Loader allows a derived type (or subtype) to be loaded into the column object.

7.10.1.2 row objects

These objects are stored in tables, known as object tables, that have columns corresponding to the attributes of the object.

The object tables have an additional system-generated column, called SYS_NC_OID$, that stores system-generated unique identifiers (OIDs) for each of the objects in the table. Columns in other tables can refer to these objects by using the OIDs.

If the object type of the object table is declared to be nonfinal, then SQL*Loader allows a derived type (or subtype) to be loaded into the row object.

7.10.2 Supported Collection Types

SQL*Loader supports loading of nested tables and VARRAY collection types.

7.10.2.1 Nested Tables

A nested table is a table that appears as a column in another table.

All operations that can be performed on other tables can also be performed on nested tables.

7.10.2.2 VARRAYs

A VARRAY is a variable sized arrays.

An array is an ordered set of built-in types or objects, called elements. Each array element is of the same type and has an index, which is a number corresponding to the element's position in the VARRAY.

When you create a VARRAY type, you must specify the maximum size. Once you have declared a VARRAY type, it can be used as the data type of a column of a relational table, as an object type attribute, or as a PL/SQL variable.

See Also:

Loading Collections (Nested Tables and VARRAYs) for details on using SQL*Loader control file data definition language to load these collection types

7.10.3 Supported LOB Data Types

A LOB is a large object type.

This release of SQL*Loader supports loading of four LOB data types:

  • BLOB: a LOB containing unstructured binary data

  • CLOB: a LOB containing character data

  • NCLOB: a LOB containing characters in a database national character set

  • BFILE: a BLOB stored outside of the database tablespaces in a server-side operating system file

LOBs can be column data types, and except for NCLOB, they can be an object's attribute data types. LOBs can have an actual value, they can be null, or they can be "empty."

See Also:

Loading LOBs for details on using SQL*Loader control file data definition language to load these LOB types

7.11 Partitioned Object Support

SQL*Loader supports loading partitioned objects in the database.

A partitioned object in an Oracle database is a table or index consisting of partitions (pieces) that have been grouped, typically by common logical attributes. For example, sales data for a particular year might be partitioned by month. The data for each month is stored in a separate partition of the sales table. Each partition is stored in a separate segment of the database and can have different physical attributes.

SQL*Loader partitioned object support enables SQL*Loader to load the following:

  • A single partition of a partitioned table

  • All partitions of a partitioned table

  • A nonpartitioned table

7.12 Application Development: Direct Path Load API

Oracle provides a direct path load API for application developers.

See the Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide for more information.

7.13 SQL*Loader Case Studies

SQL*Loader features are illustrated in a variety of case studies.

The case studies are based upon the Oracle demonstration database tables, emp and dept, owned by the user scott. (In some case studies, additional columns have been added.)The case studies are numbered 1 through 11, starting with the simplest scenario and progressing in complexity.

Note:

Files for use in the case studies are located in the $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/demo directory. These files are installed when you install the Oracle Database 12c Examples (formerly Companion) media. See Table 7-1 for the names of the files.

The following is a summary of the case studies:

  • Case Study 1: Loading Variable-Length Data - Loads stream format records in which the fields are terminated by commas and may be enclosed by quotation marks. The data is found at the end of the control file.

  • Case Study 2: Loading Fixed-Format Fields - Loads data from a separate data file.

  • Case Study 3: Loading a Delimited, Free-Format File - Loads data from stream format records with delimited fields and sequence numbers. The data is found at the end of the control file.

  • Case Study 4: Loading Combined Physical Records - Combines multiple physical records into one logical record corresponding to one database row.

  • Case Study 5: Loading Data into Multiple Tables - Loads data into multiple tables in one run.

  • Case Study 6: Loading Data Using the Direct Path Load Method - Loads data using the direct path load method.

  • Case Study 7: Extracting Data from a Formatted Report - Extracts data from a formatted report.

  • Case Study 8: Loading Partitioned Tables - Loads partitioned tables.

  • Case Study 9: Loading LOBFILEs (CLOBs) - Adds a CLOB column called resume to the table emp, uses a FILLER field (res_file), and loads multiple LOBFILEs into the emp table.

  • Case Study 10: REF Fields and VARRAYs - Loads a customer table that has a primary key as its OID and stores order items in a VARRAY. Loads an order table that has a reference to the customer table and the order items in a VARRAY.

  • Case Study 11: Loading Data in the Unicode Character Set - Loads data in the Unicode character set, UTF16, in little-endian byte order. This case study uses character-length semantics.

7.13.1 Case Study Files

This section describes case study files.

Generally, each case study is comprised of the following types of files:

  • Control files (for example, ulcase5.ctl)

  • Data files (for example, ulcase5.dat)

  • Setup files (for example, ulcase5.sql)

These files are installed when you install the Oracle Database 12c Examples (formerly Companion) media. They are installed in the $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/demo directory.

If the sample data for the case study is contained within the control file, then there will be no .dat file for that case.

Case study 2 does not require any special set up, so there is no .sql script for that case. Case study 7 requires that you run both a starting (setup) script and an ending (cleanup) script.

Table 7-1 lists the files associated with each case.

Table 7-1 Case Studies and Their Related Files

Case .ctl .dat .sql

1

ulcase1.ctl

N/A

ulcase1.sql

2

ulcase2.ctl

ulcase2.dat

N/A

3

ulcase3.ctl

N/A

ulcase3.sql

4

ulcase4.ctl

ulcase4.dat

ulcase4.sql

5

ulcase5.ctl

ulcase5.dat

ulcase5.sql

6

ulcase6.ctl

ulcase6.dat

ulcase6.sql

7

ulcase7.ctl

ulcase7.dat

ulcase7s.sql

ulcase7e.sql

8

ulcase8.ctl

ulcase8.dat

ulcase8.sql

9

ulcase9.ctl

ulcase9.dat

ulcase9.sql

10

ulcase10.ctl

N/A

ulcase10.sql

11

ulcase11.ctl

ulcase11.dat

ulcase11.sql

7.13.2 Running the Case Studies

This section describes running the case studies.

In general, you use the following steps to run the case studies (be sure you are in the $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/demo directory, which is where the case study files are located):

  1. At the system prompt, type sqlplus and press Enter to start SQL*Plus. At the user-name prompt, enter scott. At the password prompt, enter tiger.

    The SQL prompt is displayed.

  2. At the SQL prompt, execute the SQL script for the case study. For example, to execute the SQL script for case study 1, enter the following:
    SQL> @ulcase1
    

    This prepares and populates tables for the case study and then returns you to the system prompt.

  3. At the system prompt, start SQL*Loader and run the case study, as follows:
    sqlldr USERID=scott CONTROL=ulcase1.ctl LOG=ulcase1.log
    

    Substitute the appropriate control file name and log file name for the CONTROL and LOG parameters and press Enter. When you are prompted for a password, type tiger and then press Enter.

Be sure to read the control file for each case study before you run it. The beginning of the control file contains information about what is being demonstrated in the case study and any other special information you need to know. For example, case study 6 requires that you add DIRECT=TRUE to the SQL*Loader command line.

7.13.3 Case Study Log Files

Log files for the case studies are not provided in the $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/demo directory.

This is because the log file for each case study is produced when you execute the case study, provided that you use the LOG parameter. If you do not want to produce a log file, then omit the LOG parameter from the command line.

7.13.4 Checking the Results of a Case Study

To check the results of running a case study, start SQL*Plus and perform a select operation from the table that was loaded in the case study.

This is done, as follows:

  1. At the system prompt, type sqlplus and press Enter to start SQL*Plus. At the user-name prompt, enter scott. At the password prompt, enter tiger.

    The SQL prompt is displayed.

  2. At the SQL prompt, use the SELECT statement to select all rows from the table that the case study loaded. For example, if the table emp was loaded, then enter:
    SQL> SELECT * FROM emp;
    

    The contents of each row in the emp table will be displayed.