Module ngx_http_uwsgi_module

The ngx_http_uwsgi_module module allows passing requests to a uwsgi server.

location / {
    include    uwsgi_params;
    uwsgi_pass localhost:9000;
}

Makes outgoing connections to a uwsgi server originate from the specified local IP address with an optional port (1.11.2). Parameter value can contain variables (1.3.12). The special value off (1.3.12) cancels the effect of the uwsgi_bind directive inherited from the previous configuration level, which allows the system to auto-assign the local IP address and port.

The transparent parameter (1.11.0) allows outgoing connections to a uwsgi server originate from a non-local IP address, for example, from a real IP address of a client:

uwsgi_bind $remote_addr transparent;

In order for this parameter to work, it is usually necessary to run nginx worker processes with the superuser privileges. On Linux it is not required (1.13.8) as if the transparent parameter is specified, worker processes inherit the CAP_NET_RAW capability from the master process. It is also necessary to configure kernel routing table to intercept network traffic from the uwsgi server.

uwsgi_buffer_size 4k|8k;

Sets the size of the buffer used for reading the first part of the response received from the uwsgi server. This part usually contains a small response header. By default, the buffer size is equal to one memory page. This is either 4K or 8K, depending on a platform. It can be made smaller, however.

uwsgi_buffering on;

Enables or disables buffering of responses from the uwsgi server.

When buffering is enabled, nginx receives a response from the uwsgi server as soon as possible, saving it into the buffers set by the uwsgi_buffer_size and uwsgi_buffers directives. If the whole response does not fit into memory, a part of it can be saved to a temporary file on the disk. Writing to temporary files is controlled by the uwsgi_max_temp_file_size and uwsgi_temp_file_write_size directives.

When buffering is disabled, the response is passed to a client synchronously, immediately as it is received. nginx will not try to read the whole response from the uwsgi server. The maximum size of the data that nginx can receive from the server at a time is set by the uwsgi_buffer_size directive.

Buffering can also be enabled or disabled by passing “yes” or “no” in the “X-Accel-Buffering” response header field. This capability can be disabled using the uwsgi_ignore_headers directive.

uwsgi_buffers 8 4k|8k;

Sets the number and size of the buffers used for reading a response from the uwsgi server, for a single connection. By default, the buffer size is equal to one memory page. This is either 4K or 8K, depending on a platform.

uwsgi_busy_buffers_size 8k|16k;

When buffering of responses from the uwsgi server is enabled, limits the total size of buffers that can be busy sending a response to the client while the response is not yet fully read. In the meantime, the rest of the buffers can be used for reading the response and, if needed, buffering part of the response to a temporary file. By default, size is limited by the size of two buffers set by the uwsgi_buffer_size and uwsgi_buffers directives.

uwsgi_cache off;

Defines a shared memory zone used for caching. The same zone can be used in several places. Parameter value can contain variables (1.7.9). The off parameter disables caching inherited from the previous configuration level.

uwsgi_cache_background_update off;

Allows starting a background subrequest to update an expired cache item, while a stale cached response is returned to the client. Note that it is necessary to allow the usage of a stale cached response when it is being updated.

Defines conditions under which the response will not be taken from a cache. If at least one value of the string parameters is not empty and is not equal to “0” then the response will not be taken from the cache:

uwsgi_cache_bypass $cookie_nocache $arg_nocache$arg_comment;
uwsgi_cache_bypass $http_pragma    $http_authorization;

Can be used along with the uwsgi_no_cache directive.

Defines a key for caching, for example

uwsgi_cache_key localhost:9000$request_uri;

uwsgi_cache_lock off;

When enabled, only one request at a time will be allowed to populate a new cache element identified according to the uwsgi_cache_key directive by passing a request to a uwsgi server. Other requests of the same cache element will either wait for a response to appear in the cache or the cache lock for this element to be released, up to the time set by the uwsgi_cache_lock_timeout directive.

uwsgi_cache_lock_age 5s;

If the last request passed to the uwsgi server for populating a new cache element has not completed for the specified time, one more request may be passed to the uwsgi server.

uwsgi_cache_lock_timeout 5s;

Sets a timeout for uwsgi_cache_lock. When the time expires, the request will be passed to the uwsgi server, however, the response will not be cached.

Before 1.7.8, the response could be cached.

Sets an offset in bytes for byte-range requests. If the range is beyond the offset, the range request will be passed to the uwsgi server and the response will not be cached.

uwsgi_cache_methods GET HEAD;

If the client request method is listed in this directive then the response will be cached. “GET” and “HEAD” methods are always added to the list, though it is recommended to specify them explicitly. See also the uwsgi_no_cache directive.

uwsgi_cache_min_uses 1;

Sets the number of requests after which the response will be cached.

Sets the path and other parameters of a cache. Cache data are stored in files. The file name in a cache is a result of applying the MD5 function to the cache key. The levels parameter defines hierarchy levels of a cache: from 1 to 3, each level accepts values 1 or 2. For example, in the following configuration

uwsgi_cache_path /data/nginx/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=one:10m;

file names in a cache will look like this:

/data/nginx/cache/c/29/b7f54b2df7773722d382f4809d65029c

A cached response is first written to a temporary file, and then the file is renamed. Starting from version 0.8.9, temporary files and the cache can be put on different file systems. However, be aware that in this case a file is copied across two file systems instead of the cheap renaming operation. It is thus recommended that for any given location both cache and a directory holding temporary files are put on the same file system. A directory for temporary files is set based on the use_temp_path parameter (1.7.10). If this parameter is omitted or set to the value on, the directory set by the uwsgi_temp_path directive for the given location will be used. If the value is set to off, temporary files will be put directly in the cache directory.

In addition, all active keys and information about data are stored in a shared memory zone, whose name and size are configured by the keys_zone parameter. One megabyte zone can store about 8 thousand keys.

As part of commercial subscription, the shared memory zone also stores extended cache information, thus, it is required to specify a larger zone size for the same number of keys. For example, one megabyte zone can store about 4 thousand keys.

Cached data that are not accessed during the time specified by the inactive parameter get removed from the cache regardless of their freshness. By default, inactive is set to 10 minutes.

The special “cache manager” process monitors the maximum cache size set by the max_size parameter. When this size is exceeded, it removes the least recently used data. The data is removed in iterations configured by manager_files, manager_threshold, and manager_sleep parameters (1.11.5). During one iteration no more than manager_files items are deleted (by default, 100). The duration of one iteration is limited by the manager_threshold parameter (by default, 200 milliseconds). Between iterations, a pause configured by the manager_sleep parameter (by default, 50 milliseconds) is made.

A minute after the start the special “cache loader” process is activated. It loads information about previously cached data stored on file system into a cache zone. The loading is also done in iterations. During one iteration no more than loader_files items are loaded (by default, 100). Besides, the duration of one iteration is limited by the loader_threshold parameter (by default, 200 milliseconds). Between iterations, a pause configured by the loader_sleep parameter (by default, 50 milliseconds) is made.

Additionally, the following parameters are available as part of our commercial subscription:

purger=on|off

Instructs whether cache entries that match a wildcard key will be removed from the disk by the cache purger (1.7.12). Setting the parameter to on (default is off) will activate the “cache purger” process that permanently iterates through all cache entries and deletes the entries that match the wildcard key.

purger_files=number

Sets the number of items that will be scanned during one iteration (1.7.12). By default, purger_files is set to 10.

purger_threshold=number

Sets the duration of one iteration (1.7.12). By default, purger_threshold is set to 50 milliseconds.

purger_sleep=number

Sets a pause between iterations (1.7.12). By default, purger_sleep is set to 50 milliseconds.

In versions 1.7.3, 1.7.7, and 1.11.10 cache header format has been changed. Previously cached responses will be considered invalid after upgrading to a newer nginx version.

Defines conditions under which the request will be considered a cache purge request. If at least one value of the string parameters is not empty and is not equal to “0” then the cache entry with a corresponding cache key is removed. The result of successful operation is indicated by returning the 204 (No Content) response.

If the cache key of a purge request ends with an asterisk (“*”), all cache entries matching the wildcard key will be removed from the cache. However, these entries will remain on the disk until they are deleted for either inactivity, or processed by the cache purger (1.7.12), or a client attempts to access them.

Example configuration:

uwsgi_cache_path /data/nginx/cache keys_zone=cache_zone:10m;

map $request_method $purge_method {
    PURGE   1;
    default 0;
}

server {
    ...
    location / {
        uwsgi_pass        backend;
        uwsgi_cache       cache_zone;
        uwsgi_cache_key   $uri;
        uwsgi_cache_purge $purge_method;
    }
}

This functionality is available as part of our commercial subscription.

uwsgi_cache_revalidate off;

Enables revalidation of expired cache items using conditional requests with the “If-Modified-Since” and “If-None-Match” header fields.

uwsgi_cache_use_stale off;

Determines in which cases a stale cached response can be used when an error occurs during communication with the uwsgi server. The directive’s parameters match the parameters of the uwsgi_next_upstream directive.

The error parameter also permits using a stale cached response if a uwsgi server to process a request cannot be selected.

Additionally, the updating parameter permits using a stale cached response if it is currently being updated. This allows minimizing the number of accesses to uwsgi servers when updating cached data.

Using a stale cached response can also be enabled directly in the response header for a specified number of seconds after the response became stale (1.11.10). This has lower priority than using the directive parameters.

• The “stale-while-revalidate” extension of the “Cache-Control” header field permits using a stale cached response if it is currently being updated.
• The “stale-if-error” extension of the “Cache-Control” header field permits using a stale cached response in case of an error.

To minimize the number of accesses to uwsgi servers when populating a new cache element, the uwsgi_cache_lock directive can be used.

Sets caching time for different response codes. For example, the following directives

uwsgi_cache_valid 200 302 10m;
uwsgi_cache_valid 404      1m;

set 10 minutes of caching for responses with codes 200 and 302 and 1 minute for responses with code 404.

If only caching time is specified

uwsgi_cache_valid 5m;

then only 200, 301, and 302 responses are cached.

In addition, the any parameter can be specified to cache any responses:

uwsgi_cache_valid 200 302 10m;
uwsgi_cache_valid 301      1h;
uwsgi_cache_valid any      1m;

Parameters of caching can also be set directly in the response header. This has higher priority than setting of caching time using the directive.

• The “X-Accel-Expires” header field sets caching time of a response in seconds. The zero value disables caching for a response. If the value starts with the @ prefix, it sets an absolute time in seconds since Epoch, up to which the response may be cached.
• If the header does not include the “X-Accel-Expires” field, parameters of caching may be set in the header fields “Expires” or “Cache-Control”.
• If the header includes the “Set-Cookie” field, such a response will not be cached.
• If the header includes the “Vary” field with the special value “*”, such a response will not be cached (1.7.7). If the header includes the “Vary” field with another value, such a response will be cached taking into account the corresponding request header fields (1.7.7).

Processing of one or more of these response header fields can be disabled using the uwsgi_ignore_headers directive.

uwsgi_connect_timeout 60s;

Defines a timeout for establishing a connection with a uwsgi server. It should be noted that this timeout cannot usually exceed 75 seconds.

uwsgi_force_ranges off;

Enables byte-range support for both cached and uncached responses from the uwsgi server regardless of the “Accept-Ranges” field in these responses.

By default, nginx does not pass the header fields “Status” and “X-Accel-...” from the response of a uwsgi server to a client. The uwsgi_hide_header directive sets additional fields that will not be passed. If, on the contrary, the passing of fields needs to be permitted, the uwsgi_pass_header directive can be used.

uwsgi_ignore_client_abort off;

Determines whether the connection with a uwsgi server should be closed when a client closes the connection without waiting for a response.

Disables processing of certain response header fields from the uwsgi server. The following fields can be ignored: “X-Accel-Redirect”, “X-Accel-Expires”, “X-Accel-Limit-Rate” (1.1.6), “X-Accel-Buffering” (1.1.6), “X-Accel-Charset” (1.1.6), “Expires”, “Cache-Control”, “Set-Cookie” (0.8.44), and “Vary” (1.7.7).

If not disabled, processing of these header fields has the following effect:

• “X-Accel-Expires”, “Expires”, “Cache-Control”, “Set-Cookie”, and “Vary” set the parameters of response caching;
• “X-Accel-Redirect” performs an internal redirect to the specified URI;
• “X-Accel-Limit-Rate” sets the rate limit for transmission of a response to a client;
• “X-Accel-Buffering” enables or disables buffering of a response;
• “X-Accel-Charset” sets the desired charset of a response.

uwsgi_intercept_errors off;

Determines whether a uwsgi server responses with codes greater than or equal to 300 should be passed to a client or be intercepted and redirected to nginx for processing with the error_page directive.

uwsgi_limit_rate 0;

Limits the speed of reading the response from the uwsgi server. The rate is specified in bytes per second. The zero value disables rate limiting. The limit is set per a request, and so if nginx simultaneously opens two connections to the uwsgi server, the overall rate will be twice as much as the specified limit. The limitation works only if buffering of responses from the uwsgi server is enabled.

uwsgi_max_temp_file_size 1024m;

When buffering of responses from the uwsgi server is enabled, and the whole response does not fit into the buffers set by the uwsgi_buffer_size and uwsgi_buffers directives, a part of the response can be saved to a temporary file. This directive sets the maximum size of the temporary file. The size of data written to the temporary file at a time is set by the uwsgi_temp_file_write_size directive.

The zero value disables buffering of responses to temporary files.

This restriction does not apply to responses that will be cached or stored on disk.

uwsgi_modifier1 0;

Sets the value of the modifier1 field in the uwsgi packet header.

uwsgi_modifier2 0;

Sets the value of the modifier2 field in the uwsgi packet header.

uwsgi_next_upstream error timeout;

Specifies in which cases a request should be passed to the next server:

error

an error occurred while establishing a connection with the server, passing a request to it, or reading the response header;

timeout

a timeout has occurred while establishing a connection with the server, passing a request to it, or reading the response header;

invalid_header

a server returned an empty or invalid response;

http_500

a server returned a response with the code 500;

http_503

a server returned a response with the code 503;

http_403

a server returned a response with the code 403;

http_404

a server returned a response with the code 404;

http_429

a server returned a response with the code 429 (1.11.13);

non_idempotent

normally, requests with a non-idempotent method (POST, LOCK, PATCH) are not passed to the next server if a request has been sent to an upstream server (1.9.13); enabling this option explicitly allows retrying such requests;

off

disables passing a request to the next server.

One should bear in mind that passing a request to the next server is only possible if nothing has been sent to a client yet. That is, if an error or timeout occurs in the middle of the transferring of a response, fixing this is impossible.

The directive also defines what is considered an unsuccessful attempt of communication with a server. The cases of error, timeout and invalid_header are always considered unsuccessful attempts, even if they are not specified in the directive. The cases of http_500, http_503, and http_429 are considered unsuccessful attempts only if they are specified in the directive. The cases of http_403 and http_404 are never considered unsuccessful attempts.

Passing a request to the next server can be limited by the number of tries and by time.

uwsgi_next_upstream_timeout 0;

Limits the time during which a request can be passed to the next server. The 0 value turns off this limitation.

uwsgi_next_upstream_tries 0;

Limits the number of possible tries for passing a request to the next server. The 0 value turns off this limitation.

Defines conditions under which the response will not be saved to a cache. If at least one value of the string parameters is not empty and is not equal to “0” then the response will not be saved:

uwsgi_no_cache $cookie_nocache $arg_nocache$arg_comment;
uwsgi_no_cache $http_pragma    $http_authorization;

Can be used along with the uwsgi_cache_bypass directive.

Sets a parameter that should be passed to the uwsgi server. The value can contain text, variables, and their combination. These directives are inherited from the previous level if and only if there are no uwsgi_param directives defined on the current level.

Standard CGI environment variables should be provided as uwsgi headers, see the uwsgi_params file provided in the distribution:

location / {
    include uwsgi_params;
    ...
}

If the directive is specified with if_not_empty (1.1.11) then such a parameter will be passed to the server only if its value is not empty:

uwsgi_param HTTPS $https if_not_empty;

Sets the protocol and address of a uwsgi server. As a protocol, “uwsgi” or “suwsgi” (secured uwsgi, uwsgi over SSL) can be specified. The address can be specified as a domain name or IP address, and a port:

uwsgi_pass localhost:9000;
uwsgi_pass uwsgi://localhost:9000;
uwsgi_pass suwsgi://[2001:db8::1]:9090;

or as a UNIX-domain socket path:

uwsgi_pass unix:/tmp/uwsgi.socket;

If a domain name resolves to several addresses, all of them will be used in a round-robin fashion. In addition, an address can be specified as a server group.

Parameter value can contain variables. In this case, if an address is specified as a domain name, the name is searched among the described server groups, and, if not found, is determined using a resolver.

Secured uwsgi protocol is supported since version 1.5.8.

Permits passing otherwise disabled header fields from a uwsgi server to a client.

uwsgi_pass_request_body on;

Indicates whether the original request body is passed to the uwsgi server. See also the uwsgi_pass_request_headers directive.

uwsgi_pass_request_headers on;

Indicates whether the header fields of the original request are passed to the uwsgi server. See also the uwsgi_pass_request_body directive.

uwsgi_read_timeout 60s;

Defines a timeout for reading a response from the uwsgi server. The timeout is set only between two successive read operations, not for the transmission of the whole response. If the uwsgi server does not transmit anything within this time, the connection is closed.

uwsgi_request_buffering on;

Enables or disables buffering of a client request body.

When buffering is enabled, the entire request body is read from the client before sending the request to a uwsgi server.

When buffering is disabled, the request body is sent to the uwsgi server immediately as it is received. In this case, the request cannot be passed to the next server if nginx already started sending the request body.

When HTTP/1.1 chunked transfer encoding is used to send the original request body, the request body will be buffered regardless of the directive value.

uwsgi_send_timeout 60s;

Sets a timeout for transmitting a request to the uwsgi server. The timeout is set only between two successive write operations, not for the transmission of the whole request. If the uwsgi server does not receive anything within this time, the connection is closed.

uwsgi_socket_keepalive off;

Configures the “TCP keepalive” behavior for outgoing connections to a uwsgi server. By default, the operating system’s settings are in effect for the socket. If the directive is set to the value “on”, the SO_KEEPALIVE socket option is turned on for the socket.

Specifies a file with the certificate in the PEM format used for authentication to a secured uwsgi server.

Specifies a file with the secret key in the PEM format used for authentication to a secured uwsgi server.

The value engine:name:id can be specified instead of the file (1.7.9), which loads a secret key with a specified id from the OpenSSL engine name.

uwsgi_ssl_ciphers DEFAULT;

Specifies the enabled ciphers for requests to a secured uwsgi server. The ciphers are specified in the format understood by the OpenSSL library.

The full list can be viewed using the “openssl ciphers” command.

Specifies a file with revoked certificates (CRL) in the PEM format used to verify the certificate of the secured uwsgi server.

uwsgi_ssl_name host from uwsgi_pass;

Allows overriding the server name used to verify the certificate of the secured uwsgi server and to be passed through SNI when establishing a connection with the secured uwsgi server.

By default, the host part from uwsgi_pass is used.

Specifies a file with passphrases for secret keys where each passphrase is specified on a separate line. Passphrases are tried in turn when loading the key.

uwsgi_ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;

Enables the specified protocols for requests to a secured uwsgi server.

uwsgi_ssl_server_name off;

Enables or disables passing of the server name through TLS Server Name Indication extension (SNI, RFC 6066) when establishing a connection with the secured uwsgi server.

uwsgi_ssl_session_reuse on;

Determines whether SSL sessions can be reused when working with a secured uwsgi server. If the errors “SSL3_GET_FINISHED:digest check failed” appear in the logs, try disabling session reuse.

Specifies a file with trusted CA certificates in the PEM format used to verify the certificate of the secured uwsgi server.

uwsgi_ssl_verify off;

Enables or disables verification of the secured uwsgi server certificate.

uwsgi_ssl_verify_depth 1;

Sets the verification depth in the secured uwsgi server certificates chain.

uwsgi_store off;

Enables saving of files to a disk. The on parameter saves files with paths corresponding to the directives alias or root. The off parameter disables saving of files. In addition, the file name can be set explicitly using the string with variables:

uwsgi_store /data/www$original_uri;

The modification time of files is set according to the received “Last-Modified” response header field. The response is first written to a temporary file, and then the file is renamed. Starting from version 0.8.9, temporary files and the persistent store can be put on different file systems. However, be aware that in this case a file is copied across two file systems instead of the cheap renaming operation. It is thus recommended that for any given location both saved files and a directory holding temporary files, set by the uwsgi_temp_path directive, are put on the same file system.

This directive can be used to create local copies of static unchangeable files, e.g.:

location /images/ {
    root               /data/www;
    error_page         404 = /fetch$uri;
}

location /fetch/ {
    internal;

    uwsgi_pass         backend:9000;
    ...

    uwsgi_store        on;
    uwsgi_store_access user:rw group:rw all:r;
    uwsgi_temp_path    /data/temp;

    alias              /data/www/;
}

uwsgi_store_access user:rw;

Sets access permissions for newly created files and directories, e.g.:

uwsgi_store_access user:rw group:rw all:r;

If any group or all access permissions are specified then user permissions may be omitted:

uwsgi_store_access group:rw all:r;

uwsgi_temp_file_write_size 8k|16k;

Limits the size of data written to a temporary file at a time, when buffering of responses from the uwsgi server to temporary files is enabled. By default, size is limited by two buffers set by the uwsgi_buffer_size and uwsgi_buffers directives. The maximum size of a temporary file is set by the uwsgi_max_temp_file_size directive.

uwsgi_temp_path uwsgi_temp;

Defines a directory for storing temporary files with data received from uwsgi servers. Up to three-level subdirectory hierarchy can be used underneath the specified directory. For example, in the following configuration

uwsgi_temp_path /spool/nginx/uwsgi_temp 1 2;

a temporary file might look like this:

/spool/nginx/uwsgi_temp/7/45/00000123457

See also the use_temp_path parameter of the uwsgi_cache_path directive.