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  1. Database
  2. Oracle
  3. Oracle Database
  4. Release 19

SQL Language Reference

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Table of Contents

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  • Title and Copyright Information
  • Preface
    • Audience
    • Documentation Accessibility
    • Related Documents
    • Conventions
  • Changes in This Release for Oracle Database SQL Language Reference
    • Changes in Oracle Database Release 19c
      • New Features
      • Deprecated Features
      • Desupported Features
  • 1 Introduction to Oracle SQL
    • History of SQL
    • SQL Standards
      • How SQL Works
      • Common Language for All Relational Databases
    • Using Enterprise Manager
    • Lexical Conventions
    • Tools Support
  • 2 Basic Elements of Oracle SQL
    • Data Types
      • Oracle Built-in Data Types
        • Character Data Types
          • CHAR Data Type
          • NCHAR Data Type
          • VARCHAR2 Data Type
          • VARCHAR Data Type
          • NVARCHAR2 Data Type
        • Numeric Data Types
          • NUMBER Data Type
          • FLOAT Data Type
          • Floating-Point Numbers
            • BINARY_FLOAT
            • BINARY_DOUBLE
            • IEEE754 Conformance
          • Numeric Precedence
        • LONG Data Type
        • Datetime and Interval Data Types
          • DATE Data Type
            • Using Julian Days
          • TIMESTAMP Data Type
          • TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE Data Type
          • TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE Data Type
          • INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH Data Type
          • INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND Data Type
          • Datetime/Interval Arithmetic
          • Support for Daylight Saving Times
          • Datetime and Interval Examples
        • RAW and LONG RAW Data Types
        • Large Object (LOB) Data Types
          • BFILE Data Type
          • BLOB Data Type
          • CLOB Data Type
          • NCLOB Data Type
        • Extended Data Types
      • Rowid Data Types
        • ROWID Data Type
        • UROWID Data Type
      • ANSI, DB2, and SQL/DS Data Types
      • User-Defined Types
        • Object Types
        • REF Data Types
        • Varrays
        • Nested Tables
      • Oracle-Supplied Types
      • Any Types
        • ANYTYPE
        • ANYDATA
        • ANYDATASET
      • XML Types
        • XMLType
        • URI Data Types
        • URIFactory Package
      • Spatial Types
        • SDO_GEOMETRY
        • SDO_TOPO_GEOMETRY
        • SDO_GEORASTER
    • Data Type Comparison Rules
      • Numeric Values
      • Datetime Values
      • Binary Values
      • Character Values
      • Object Values
      • Varrays and Nested Tables
      • Data Type Precedence
      • Data Conversion
        • Implicit and Explicit Data Conversion
        • Implicit Data Conversion
        • Implicit Data Conversion Examples
        • Explicit Data Conversion
      • Security Considerations for Data Conversion
    • Literals
      • Text Literals
      • Numeric Literals
        • Integer Literals
        • NUMBER and Floating-Point Literals
      • Datetime Literals
      • Interval Literals
        • INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH
        • INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND
    • Format Models
      • Number Format Models
        • Number Format Elements
      • Datetime Format Models
        • Datetime Format Elements
          • Uppercase Letters in Date Format Elements
          • Punctuation and Character Literals in Datetime Format Models
        • Datetime Format Elements and Globalization Support
        • ISO Standard Date Format Elements
        • The RR Datetime Format Element
          • RR Datetime Format Examples
        • Datetime Format Element Suffixes
      • Format Model Modifiers
        • Format Model Examples
      • String-to-Date Conversion Rules
      • XML Format Model
    • Nulls
      • Nulls in SQL Functions
      • Nulls with Comparison Conditions
      • Nulls in Conditions
    • Comments
      • Comments Within SQL Statements
      • Comments on Schema and Nonschema Objects
      • Hints
      • Alphabetical Listing of Hints
        • ALL_ROWS Hint
        • APPEND Hint
        • APPEND_VALUES Hint
        • CACHE Hint
        • CHANGE_DUPKEY_ERROR_INDEX Hint
        • CLUSTER Hint
        • CLUSTERING Hint
        • CONTAINERS Hint
        • CURSOR_SHARING_EXACT Hint
        • DISABLE_PARALLEL_DML Hint
        • DRIVING_SITE Hint
        • DYNAMIC_SAMPLING Hint
        • ENABLE_PARALLEL_DML Hint
        • FACT Hint
        • FIRST_ROWS Hint
        • FRESH_MV Hint
        • FULL Hint
        • GATHER_OPTIMIZER_STATISTICS Hint
        • GROUPING Hint
        • HASH Hint
        • IGNORE_ROW_ON_DUPKEY_INDEX Hint
        • INDEX Hint
        • INDEX_ASC Hint
        • INDEX_COMBINE Hint
        • INDEX_DESC Hint
        • INDEX_FFS Hint
        • INDEX_JOIN Hint
        • INDEX_SS Hint
        • INDEX_SS_ASC Hint
        • INDEX_SS_DESC Hint
        • INMEMORY Hint
        • INMEMORY_PRUNING Hint
        • LEADING Hint
        • MERGE Hint
        • MODEL_MIN_ANALYSIS Hint
        • MONITOR Hint
        • NATIVE_FULL_OUTER_JOIN Hint
        • NOAPPEND Hint
        • NOCACHE Hint
        • NO_CLUSTERING Hint
        • NO_EXPAND Hint
        • NO_FACT Hint
        • NO_GATHER_OPTIMIZER_STATISTICS Hint
        • NO_INDEX Hint
        • NO_INDEX_FFS Hint
        • NO_INDEX_SS Hint
        • NO_INMEMORY Hint
        • NO_INMEMORY_PRUNING Hint
        • NO_MERGE Hint
        • NO_MONITOR Hint
        • NO_NATIVE_FULL_OUTER_JOIN Hint
        • NO_PARALLEL Hint
        • NOPARALLEL Hint
        • NO_PARALLEL_INDEX Hint
        • NOPARALLEL_INDEX Hint
        • NO_PQ_CONCURRENT_UNION Hint
        • NO_PQ_SKEW Hint
        • NO_PUSH_PRED Hint
        • NO_PUSH_SUBQ Hint
        • NO_PX_JOIN_FILTER Hint
        • NO_QUERY_TRANSFORMATION Hint
        • NO_RESULT_CACHE Hint
        • NO_REWRITE Hint
        • NOREWRITE Hint
        • NO_STAR_TRANSFORMATION Hint
        • NO_STATEMENT_QUEUING Hint
        • NO_UNNEST Hint
        • NO_USE_BAND Hint
        • NO_USE_CUBE Hint
        • NO_USE_HASH Hint
        • NO_USE_MERGE Hint
        • NO_USE_NL Hint
        • NO_XML_QUERY_REWRITE Hint
        • NO_XMLINDEX_REWRITE Hint
        • NO_ZONEMAP Hint
        • OPTIMIZER_FEATURES_ENABLE Hint
        • OPT_PARAM Hint
        • ORDERED Hint
        • PARALLEL Hint
        • PARALLEL_INDEX Hint
        • PQ_CONCURRENT_UNION Hint
        • PQ_DISTRIBUTE Hint
        • PQ_FILTER Hint
        • PQ_SKEW Hint
        • PUSH_PRED Hint
        • PUSH_SUBQ Hint
        • PX_JOIN_FILTER Hint
        • QB_NAME Hint
        • RESULT_CACHE Hint
        • RETRY_ON_ROW_CHANGE Hint
        • REWRITE Hint
        • STAR_TRANSFORMATION Hint
        • STATEMENT_QUEUING Hint
        • UNNEST Hint
        • USE_BAND Hint
        • USE_CONCAT Hint
        • USE_CUBE Hint
        • USE_HASH Hint
        • USE_MERGE Hint
        • USE_NL Hint
        • USE_NL_WITH_INDEX Hint
    • Database Objects
      • Schema Objects
      • Nonschema Objects
    • Database Object Names and Qualifiers
      • Database Object Naming Rules
      • Schema Object Naming Examples
      • Schema Object Naming Guidelines
    • Syntax for Schema Objects and Parts in SQL Statements
      • How Oracle Database Resolves Schema Object References
      • References to Objects in Other Schemas
      • References to Objects in Remote Databases
        • Creating Database Links
          • Database Link Names
          • Username and Password
          • Database Connect String
        • References to Database Links
      • References to Partitioned Tables and Indexes
      • References to Object Type Attributes and Methods
  • 3 Pseudocolumns
    • Hierarchical Query Pseudocolumns
      • CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE Pseudocolumn
      • CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF Pseudocolumn
      • LEVEL Pseudocolumn
    • Sequence Pseudocolumns
      • Where to Use Sequence Values
      • How to Use Sequence Values
    • Version Query Pseudocolumns
    • COLUMN_VALUE Pseudocolumn
    • OBJECT_ID Pseudocolumn
    • OBJECT_VALUE Pseudocolumn
    • ORA_ROWSCN Pseudocolumn
    • ROWID Pseudocolumn
    • ROWNUM Pseudocolumn
    • XMLDATA Pseudocolumn
  • 4 Operators
    • About SQL Operators
      • Unary and Binary Operators
      • Operator Precedence
    • Arithmetic Operators
    • COLLATE Operator
    • Concatenation Operator
    • Hierarchical Query Operators
      • PRIOR
      • CONNECT_BY_ROOT
    • Set Operators
    • Multiset Operators
      • MULTISET EXCEPT
      • MULTISET INTERSECT
      • MULTISET UNION
    • User-Defined Operators
  • 5 Expressions
    • About SQL Expressions
    • Simple Expressions
    • Analytic View Expressions
      • Examples of Analytic View Expressions
    • Compound Expressions
    • CASE Expressions
    • Column Expressions
    • CURSOR Expressions
    • Datetime Expressions
    • Function Expressions
    • Interval Expressions
    • JSON Object Access Expressions
    • Model Expressions
    • Object Access Expressions
    • Placeholder Expressions
    • Scalar Subquery Expressions
    • Type Constructor Expressions
    • Expression Lists
  • 6 Conditions
    • About SQL Conditions
      • Condition Precedence
    • Comparison Conditions
      • Simple Comparison Conditions
      • Group Comparison Conditions
    • Floating-Point Conditions
    • Logical Conditions
    • Model Conditions
      • IS ANY Condition
      • IS PRESENT Condition
    • Multiset Conditions
      • IS A SET Condition
      • IS EMPTY Condition
      • MEMBER Condition
      • SUBMULTISET Condition
    • Pattern-matching Conditions
      • LIKE Condition
      • REGEXP_LIKE Condition
    • Null Conditions
    • XML Conditions
      • EQUALS_PATH Condition
      • UNDER_PATH Condition
    • SQL/JSON Conditions
      • IS JSON Condition
      • JSON_EQUAL Condition
      • JSON_EXISTS Condition
      • JSON_TEXTCONTAINS Condition
    • Compound Conditions
    • BETWEEN Condition
    • EXISTS Condition
    • IN Condition
    • IS OF type Condition
  • 7 Functions
    • About SQL Functions
    • Single-Row Functions
      • Numeric Functions
      • Character Functions Returning Character Values
      • Character Functions Returning Number Values
      • Character Set Functions
      • Collation Functions
      • Datetime Functions
      • General Comparison Functions
      • Conversion Functions
      • Large Object Functions
      • Collection Functions
      • Hierarchical Functions
      • Data Mining Functions
      • XML Functions
      • JSON Functions
      • Encoding and Decoding Functions
      • NULL-Related Functions
      • Environment and Identifier Functions
    • Aggregate Functions
    • Analytic Functions
    • Object Reference Functions
    • Model Functions
    • OLAP Functions
    • Data Cartridge Functions
    • ABS
    • ACOS
    • ADD_MONTHS
    • APPROX_COUNT
    • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
    • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_AGG
    • APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_DETAIL
    • APPROX_MEDIAN
    • APPROX_PERCENTILE
    • APPROX_PERCENTILE_AGG
    • APPROX_PERCENTILE_DETAIL
    • APPROX_RANK
    • APPROX_SUM
    • ASCII
    • ASCIISTR
    • ASIN
    • ATAN
    • ATAN2
    • AVG
    • BFILENAME
    • BIN_TO_NUM
    • BITAND
    • BITMAP_BIT_POSITION
    • BITMAP_BUCKET_NUMBER
    • BITMAP_CONSTRUCT_AGG
    • BITMAP_COUNT
    • BITMAP_OR_AGG
    • CARDINALITY
    • CAST
    • CEIL
    • CHARTOROWID
    • CHR
    • CLUSTER_DETAILS
    • CLUSTER_DISTANCE
    • CLUSTER_ID
    • CLUSTER_PROBABILITY
    • CLUSTER_SET
    • COALESCE
    • COLLATION
    • COLLECT
    • COMPOSE
    • CON_DBID_TO_ID
    • CON_GUID_TO_ID
    • CON_NAME_TO_ID
    • CON_UID_TO_ID
    • CONCAT
    • CONVERT
    • CORR
    • CORR_*
      • CORR_S
      • CORR_K
    • COS
    • COSH
    • COUNT
    • COVAR_POP
    • COVAR_SAMP
    • CUBE_TABLE
    • CUME_DIST
    • CURRENT_DATE
    • CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
    • CV
    • DATAOBJ_TO_MAT_PARTITION
    • DATAOBJ_TO_PARTITION
    • DBTIMEZONE
    • DECODE
    • DECOMPOSE
    • DENSE_RANK
    • DEPTH
    • DEREF
    • DUMP
    • EMPTY_BLOB, EMPTY_CLOB
    • EXISTSNODE
    • EXP
    • EXTRACT (datetime)
    • EXTRACT (XML)
    • EXTRACTVALUE
    • FEATURE_COMPARE
    • FEATURE_DETAILS
    • FEATURE_ID
    • FEATURE_SET
    • FEATURE_VALUE
    • FIRST
    • FIRST_VALUE
    • FLOOR
    • FROM_TZ
    • GREATEST
    • GROUP_ID
    • GROUPING
    • GROUPING_ID
    • HEXTORAW
    • INITCAP
    • INSTR
    • ITERATION_NUMBER
    • JSON_ARRAY
    • JSON_ARRAYAGG
    • JSON_DATAGUIDE
    • JSON_MERGEPATCH
    • JSON_OBJECT
    • JSON_OBJECTAGG
    • JSON_QUERY
    • JSON_SERIALIZE
    • JSON_TABLE
    • JSON_VALUE
    • LAG
    • LAST
    • LAST_DAY
    • LAST_VALUE
    • LEAD
    • LEAST
    • LENGTH
    • LISTAGG
    • LN
    • LNNVL
    • LOCALTIMESTAMP
    • LOG
    • LOWER
    • LPAD
    • LTRIM
    • MAKE_REF
    • MAX
    • MEDIAN
    • MIN
    • MOD
    • MONTHS_BETWEEN
    • NANVL
    • NCHR
    • NEW_TIME
    • NEXT_DAY
    • NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN
    • NLS_CHARSET_ID
    • NLS_CHARSET_NAME
    • NLS_COLLATION_ID
    • NLS_COLLATION_NAME
    • NLS_INITCAP
    • NLS_LOWER
    • NLS_UPPER
    • NLSSORT
    • NTH_VALUE
    • NTILE
    • NULLIF
    • NUMTODSINTERVAL
    • NUMTOYMINTERVAL
    • NVL
    • NVL2
    • ORA_DM_PARTITION_NAME
    • ORA_DST_AFFECTED
    • ORA_DST_CONVERT
    • ORA_DST_ERROR
    • ORA_HASH
    • ORA_INVOKING_USER
    • ORA_INVOKING_USERID
    • PATH
    • PERCENT_RANK
    • PERCENTILE_CONT
    • PERCENTILE_DISC
    • POWER
    • POWERMULTISET
    • POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY
    • PREDICTION
    • PREDICTION_BOUNDS
    • PREDICTION_COST
    • PREDICTION_DETAILS
    • PREDICTION_PROBABILITY
    • PREDICTION_SET
    • PRESENTNNV
    • PRESENTV
    • PREVIOUS
    • RANK
    • RATIO_TO_REPORT
    • RAWTOHEX
    • RAWTONHEX
    • REF
    • REFTOHEX
    • REGEXP_COUNT
    • REGEXP_INSTR
    • REGEXP_REPLACE
    • REGEXP_SUBSTR
    • REGR_ (Linear Regression) Functions
    • REMAINDER
    • REPLACE
    • ROUND (date)
    • ROUND (number)
    • ROUND_TIES_TO_EVEN (number)
    • ROW_NUMBER
    • ROWIDTOCHAR
    • ROWIDTONCHAR
    • RPAD
    • RTRIM
    • SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP
    • SESSIONTIMEZONE
    • SET
    • SIGN
    • SIN
    • SINH
    • SOUNDEX
    • SQRT
    • STANDARD_HASH
    • STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST
    • STATS_CROSSTAB
    • STATS_F_TEST
    • STATS_KS_TEST
    • STATS_MODE
    • STATS_MW_TEST
    • STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA
    • STATS_T_TEST_*
      • STATS_T_TEST_ONE
      • STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED
      • STATS_T_TEST_INDEP and STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU
    • STATS_WSR_TEST
    • STDDEV
    • STDDEV_POP
    • STDDEV_SAMP
    • SUBSTR
    • SUM
    • SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH
    • SYS_CONTEXT
    • SYS_DBURIGEN
    • SYS_EXTRACT_UTC
    • SYS_GUID
    • SYS_OP_ZONE_ID
    • SYS_TYPEID
    • SYS_XMLAGG
    • SYS_XMLGEN
    • SYSDATE
    • SYSTIMESTAMP
    • TAN
    • TANH
    • TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN
    • TO_APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT
    • TO_APPROX_PERCENTILE
    • TO_BINARY_DOUBLE
    • TO_BINARY_FLOAT
    • TO_BLOB (bfile)
    • TO_BLOB (raw)
    • TO_CHAR (bfile|blob)
    • TO_CHAR (character)
    • TO_CHAR (datetime)
    • TO_CHAR (number)
    • TO_CLOB (bfile|blob)
    • TO_CLOB (character)
    • TO_DATE
    • TO_DSINTERVAL
    • TO_LOB
    • TO_MULTI_BYTE
    • TO_NCHAR (character)
    • TO_NCHAR (datetime)
    • TO_NCHAR (number)
    • TO_NCLOB
    • TO_NUMBER
    • TO_SINGLE_BYTE
    • TO_TIMESTAMP
    • TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
    • TO_UTC_TIMESTAMP_TZ
    • TO_YMINTERVAL
    • TRANSLATE
    • TRANSLATE ... USING
    • TREAT
    • TRIM
    • TRUNC (date)
    • TRUNC (number)
    • TZ_OFFSET
    • UID
    • UNISTR
    • UPPER
    • USER
    • USERENV
    • VALIDATE_CONVERSION
    • VALUE
    • VAR_POP
    • VAR_SAMP
    • VARIANCE
    • VSIZE
    • WIDTH_BUCKET
    • XMLAGG
    • XMLCAST
    • XMLCDATA
    • XMLCOLATTVAL
    • XMLCOMMENT
    • XMLCONCAT
    • XMLDIFF
    • XMLELEMENT
    • XMLEXISTS
    • XMLFOREST
    • XMLISVALID
    • XMLPARSE
    • XMLPATCH
    • XMLPI
    • XMLQUERY
    • XMLROOT
    • XMLSEQUENCE
    • XMLSERIALIZE
    • XMLTABLE
    • XMLTRANSFORM
    • ROUND and TRUNC Date Functions
    • About User-Defined Functions
      • Prerequisites
      • Name Precedence
        • Naming Conventions
  • 8 Common SQL DDL Clauses
    • allocate_extent_clause
    • constraint
    • deallocate_unused_clause
    • file_specification
    • logging_clause
    • parallel_clause
    • physical_attributes_clause
    • size_clause
    • storage_clause
  • 9 SQL Queries and Subqueries
    • About Queries and Subqueries
    • Creating Simple Queries
    • Hierarchical Queries
      • Hierarchical Query Examples
    • The UNION [ALL], INTERSECT, MINUS Operators
    • Sorting Query Results
    • Joins
      • Join Conditions
      • Equijoins
      • Band Joins
      • Self Joins
      • Cartesian Products
      • Inner Joins
      • Outer Joins
      • Antijoins
      • Semijoins
    • Using Subqueries
    • Unnesting of Nested Subqueries
    • Selecting from the DUAL Table
    • Distributed Queries
  • 10 SQL Statements: ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT to ALTER JAVA
    • Types of SQL Statements
      • Data Definition Language (DDL) Statements
      • Data Manipulation Language (DML) Statements
      • Transaction Control Statements
      • Session Control Statements
      • System Control Statement
      • Embedded SQL Statements
    • How the SQL Statement Chapters are Organized
    • ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT
    • ALTER ANALYTIC VIEW
    • ALTER ATTRIBUTE DIMENSION
    • ALTER AUDIT POLICY (Unified Auditing)
    • ALTER CLUSTER
    • ALTER DATABASE
    • ALTER DATABASE DICTIONARY
    • ALTER DATABASE LINK
    • ALTER DIMENSION
    • ALTER DISKGROUP
    • ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE
    • ALTER FUNCTION
    • ALTER HIERARCHY
    • ALTER INDEX
    • ALTER INDEXTYPE
    • ALTER INMEMORY JOIN GROUP
    • ALTER JAVA
  • 11 SQL Statements: ALTER LIBRARY to ALTER SESSION
    • ALTER LIBRARY
    • ALTER LOCKDOWN PROFILE
    • ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
    • ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
    • ALTER MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP
    • ALTER OPERATOR
    • ALTER OUTLINE
    • ALTER PACKAGE
    • ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE
    • ALTER PROCEDURE
    • ALTER PROFILE
    • ALTER RESOURCE COST
    • ALTER ROLE
    • ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT
    • ALTER SEQUENCE
    • ALTER SESSION
      • Initialization Parameters and ALTER SESSION
      • Session Parameters and ALTER SESSION
  • 12 SQL Statements: ALTER SYNONYM to COMMENT
    • ALTER SYNONYM
    • ALTER SYSTEM
    • ALTER TABLE
    • ALTER TABLESPACE
    • ALTER TABLESPACE SET
    • ALTER TRIGGER
    • ALTER TYPE
    • ALTER USER
    • ALTER VIEW
    • ANALYZE
    • ASSOCIATE STATISTICS
    • AUDIT (Traditional Auditing)
    • AUDIT (Unified Auditing)
    • CALL
    • COMMENT
  • 13 SQL Statements: COMMIT to CREATE JAVA
    • COMMIT
    • CREATE ANALYTIC VIEW
    • CREATE ATTRIBUTE DIMENSION
    • CREATE AUDIT POLICY (Unified Auditing)
    • CREATE CLUSTER
    • CREATE CONTEXT
    • CREATE CONTROLFILE
    • CREATE DATABASE
    • CREATE DATABASE LINK
    • CREATE DIMENSION
    • CREATE DIRECTORY
    • CREATE DISKGROUP
    • CREATE EDITION
    • CREATE FLASHBACK ARCHIVE
    • CREATE FUNCTION
    • CREATE HIERARCHY
    • CREATE INDEX
    • CREATE INDEXTYPE
    • CREATE INMEMORY JOIN GROUP
    • CREATE JAVA
  • 14 SQL Statements: CREATE LIBRARY to CREATE SCHEMA
    • CREATE LIBRARY
    • CREATE LOCKDOWN PROFILE
    • CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
    • CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
    • CREATE MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP
    • CREATE OPERATOR
    • CREATE OUTLINE
    • CREATE PACKAGE
    • CREATE PACKAGE BODY
    • CREATE PFILE
    • CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE
    • CREATE PROCEDURE
    • CREATE PROFILE
    • CREATE RESTORE POINT
    • CREATE ROLE
    • CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT
    • CREATE SCHEMA
  • 15 SQL Statements: CREATE SEQUENCE to DROP CLUSTER
    • CREATE SEQUENCE
    • CREATE SPFILE
    • CREATE SYNONYM
    • CREATE TABLE
    • CREATE TABLESPACE
    • CREATE TABLESPACE SET
    • CREATE TRIGGER
    • CREATE TYPE
    • CREATE TYPE BODY
    • CREATE USER
    • CREATE VIEW
    • DELETE
    • DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS
    • DROP ANALYTIC VIEW
    • DROP ATTRIBUTE DIMENSION
    • DROP AUDIT POLICY (Unified Auditing)
    • DROP CLUSTER
  • 16 SQL Statements: DROP CONTEXT to DROP JAVA
    • DROP CONTEXT
    • DROP DATABASE
    • DROP DATABASE LINK
    • DROP DIMENSION
    • DROP DIRECTORY
    • DROP DISKGROUP
    • DROP EDITION
    • DROP FLASHBACK ARCHIVE
    • DROP FUNCTION
    • DROP HIERARCHY
    • DROP INDEX
    • DROP INDEXTYPE
    • DROP INMEMORY JOIN GROUP
    • DROP JAVA
  • 17 SQL Statements: DROP LIBRARY to DROP SYNONYM
    • DROP LIBRARY
    • DROP LOCKDOWN PROFILE
    • DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
    • DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
    • DROP MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP
    • DROP OPERATOR
    • DROP OUTLINE
    • DROP PACKAGE
    • DROP PLUGGABLE DATABASE
    • DROP PROCEDURE
    • DROP PROFILE
    • DROP RESTORE POINT
    • DROP ROLE
    • DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT
    • DROP SEQUENCE
    • DROP SYNONYM
  • 18 SQL Statements: DROP TABLE to LOCK TABLE
    • DROP TABLE
    • DROP TABLESPACE
    • DROP TABLESPACE SET
    • DROP TRIGGER
    • DROP TYPE
    • DROP TYPE BODY
    • DROP USER
    • DROP VIEW
    • EXPLAIN PLAN
    • FLASHBACK DATABASE
    • FLASHBACK TABLE
    • GRANT
    • INSERT
    • LOCK TABLE
  • 19 SQL Statements: MERGE to UPDATE
    • MERGE
    • NOAUDIT (Traditional Auditing)
    • NOAUDIT (Unified Auditing)
    • PURGE
    • RENAME
    • REVOKE
    • ROLLBACK
    • SAVEPOINT
    • SELECT
    • SET CONSTRAINT[S]
    • SET ROLE
    • SET TRANSACTION
    • TRUNCATE CLUSTER
    • TRUNCATE TABLE
    • UPDATE
  • A How to Read Syntax Diagrams
    • Graphic Syntax Diagrams
      • Required Keywords and Parameters
      • Optional Keywords and Parameters
      • Syntax Loops
      • Multipart Diagrams
    • Backus-Naur Form Syntax
  • B Automatic and Manual Locking Mechanisms During SQL Operations
    • Automatic Locks in DML Operations
    • Automatic Locks in DDL Operations
      • Exclusive DDL Locks
      • Share DDL Locks
      • Breakable Parse Locks
    • Manual Data Locking
    • List of Nonblocking DDLs
  • C Oracle and Standard SQL
    • ANSI Standards
    • ISO Standards
    • Oracle Compliance to Core SQL
    • Oracle Support for Optional Features of SQL/Foundation
    • Oracle Compliance with SQL/CLI
    • Oracle Compliance with SQL/PSM
    • Oracle Compliance with SQL/MED
    • Oracle Compliance with SQL/OLB
    • Oracle Compliance with SQL/JRT
    • Oracle Compliance with SQL/XML
    • Oracle Compliance with FIPS 127-2
    • Oracle Extensions to Standard SQL
    • Oracle Compliance with Older Standards
    • Character Set Support
  • D Oracle Regular Expression Support
    • Multilingual Regular Expression Syntax
    • Regular Expression Operator Multilingual Enhancements
    • Perl-influenced Extensions in Oracle Regular Expressions
  • E Oracle SQL Reserved Words and Keywords
    • Oracle SQL Reserved Words
    • Oracle SQL Keywords
  • F Extended Examples
    • Using Extensible Indexing
    • Using XML in SQL Statements
  • Index

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  1. SQL Language Reference
  2. Oracle and Standard SQL
  3. Oracle Compliance with SQL/PSM

Oracle Compliance with SQL/PSM

Oracle PL/SQL provides functionality equivalent to SQL/PSM, with minor syntactic differences, such as the spelling or arrangement of keywords.

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