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  1. Database
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  3. Oracle Database
  4. Release 19

Net Services Administrator's Guide

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Table of Contents

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  • List of Tables
  • Title and Copyright Information
  • Preface
    • Audience
    • Documentation Accessibility
    • Related Documentation
    • Conventions
  • Changes in This Release for Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide
    • Changes in Oracle Net Services 19c Release
      • New Features
  • Part I Understanding Oracle Net Services
    • 1 Introducing Oracle Net Services
      • 1.1 About Oracle Net Services
        • 1.1.1 Understanding Connectivity
          • 1.1.1.1 About Client/Server Application Connections
            • 1.1.1.1.1 Java Client Application Connections
          • 1.1.1.2 About Web Client Application Connections
            • 1.1.1.2.1 Web Client Connections Through Java Application Web Server
            • 1.1.1.2.2 Web Client Connections Without an Application Web Server
        • 1.1.2 Understanding Manageability
          • 1.1.2.1 About Location Transparency
          • 1.1.2.2 About Centralized Configuration and Management
          • 1.1.2.3 About Quick Installation and Configuration
        • 1.1.3 Understanding Shared Server Architecture
        • 1.1.4 Understanding Performance
          • 1.1.4.1 Listener Queue Size
          • 1.1.4.2 Session Data Unit Size for Data Transfer Optimization
          • 1.1.4.3 Persistent Buffer Flushing for TCP/IP
          • 1.1.4.4 Sockets Direct Protocol
          • 1.1.4.5 Database Availability
        • 1.1.5 Understanding Network Security
          • 1.1.5.1 Firewall Access Control
      • 1.2 Understanding Database Instances
      • 1.3 Components of Oracle Net Services
        • 1.3.1 About Oracle Net
          • 1.3.1.1 Oracle Net Foundation Layer
          • 1.3.1.2 Oracle Protocol Support
        • 1.3.2 About Oracle Net Listener
        • 1.3.3 About Oracle Connection Manager
        • 1.3.4 About Networking Tools
        • 1.3.5 About Oracle Advanced Security
    • 2 Identifying and Accessing the Database
      • 2.1 Understanding Database Instances
      • 2.2 Understanding Database Services
      • 2.3 Connecting to a Database Service
        • 2.3.1 About Connect Descriptors
          • 2.3.1.1 About IPv6 Addresses in Connect Descriptors
        • 2.3.2 About the Protocol Address
        • 2.3.3 About Service Registration
          • 2.3.3.1 Specifying an Instance Name
          • 2.3.3.2 Specifying a Service Handler
      • 2.4 Understanding Service Handlers
        • 2.4.1 About Dispatchers
        • 2.4.2 About Dedicated Server Processes
        • 2.4.3 About Database Resident Connection Pooling
      • 2.5 Understanding Naming Methods
        • 2.5.1 Choosing a Naming Method
        • 2.5.2 Establishing a Client Session Using a Naming Method
        • 2.5.3 Entering a Connect String
          • 2.5.3.1 Connect Identifier and Connect Descriptor Syntax Characteristics
      • 2.6 Enhancing Service Accessibility Using Multiple Listeners
        • 2.6.1 About Connect-Time Failover
        • 2.6.2 About Transparent Application Failover
        • 2.6.3 About Client Load Balancing
        • 2.6.4 About Connection Load Balancing
    • 3 Managing Network Address Information
      • 3.1 Using Localized Management
      • 3.2 Using a Directory Server for Centralized Management
        • 3.2.1 Understanding the Directory Information Tree
          • 3.2.1.1 Fully-Qualified Names for Domain Component Namespaces
          • 3.2.1.2 Fully-Qualified Names for X.500 Namespaces
          • 3.2.1.3 Using the Relative Name of an Entry
          • 3.2.1.4 Using the Fully-Qualified Name of an Entry
        • 3.2.2 Understanding Oracle Context
        • 3.2.3 Understanding Net Service Alias Entries
        • 3.2.4 Who Can Add or Modify Entries in the Directory Server
        • 3.2.5 Client Connections Using Directory Naming
        • 3.2.6 Considerations When Using Directory Servers
          • 3.2.6.1 Performance Considerations
          • 3.2.6.2 Security Considerations
            • 3.2.6.2.1 Authentication Methods
            • 3.2.6.2.2 Access Control Lists
          • 3.2.6.3 Object Classes
        • 3.2.7 Limitations of Directory Naming Support with Microsoft Active Directory
    • 4 Understanding the Communication Layers
      • 4.1 Understanding Oracle Net Stack Communication for Client/Server Applications
        • 4.1.1 About the Client Communication Stack
          • 4.1.1.1 Client Application Layer
          • 4.1.1.2 Presentation Layer
          • 4.1.1.3 Oracle Net Foundation Layer
          • 4.1.1.4 Oracle Protocol Support Layer
        • 4.1.2 About the Server Communication Stack
      • 4.2 Using Oracle Net Stack Communication for Java Applications
      • 4.3 Using Oracle Net Stack Communication for Web Clients
      • 4.4 Understanding Oracle Protocol Support Layer
        • 4.4.1 About TCP/IP Protocol
          • 4.4.1.1 IPv6 Address Notation
            • 4.4.1.1.1 CIDR Notation
            • 4.4.1.1.2 IPv6 Addresses in URLs
            • 4.4.1.1.3 IPv4-Mapped Addresses
          • 4.4.1.2 IPv6 Interface and Address Configurations
          • 4.4.1.3 IPv6 Network Connectivity
          • 4.4.1.4 IPv6 Support in Oracle Database 12c
        • 4.4.2 About TCP/IP with SSL Protocol
        • 4.4.3 About Named Pipes Protocol
        • 4.4.4 About Sockets Direct Protocol (SDP)
        • 4.4.5 About Exadirect Protocol
        • 4.4.6 About Websocket Protocol
    • 5 Understanding Oracle Net Architecture
      • 5.1 About Service Registration
      • 5.2 About the Listener and Connection Requests
      • 5.3 About Oracle Restart
      • 5.4 About Blocked Connection Requests
      • 5.5 Understanding Database Server Process Architecture
        • 5.5.1 About Shared Server Processes
        • 5.5.2 About Dedicated Server Processes
      • 5.6 Understanding Oracle Connection Manager Architecture
      • 5.7 Complete Architecture
  • Part II Configuration and Administration of Oracle Net Services
    • 6 Quick Start to Oracle Net Services
      • 6.1 Prerequisites for Establishing Connectivity
      • 6.2 Confirming Network Availability
      • 6.3 Starting Oracle Net Listener and the Oracle Database Server
      • 6.4 Starting Oracle Connection Manager
      • 6.5 Connecting to the Database
      • 6.6 Using Easy Connect to Connect to a Database
    • 7 Managing Oracle Net Services
      • 7.1 Using the User Interface Tools
        • 7.1.1 Using Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control to Configure Oracle Net Services
          • 7.1.1.1 Accessing the Net Services Administration Page
        • 7.1.2 Using Oracle Net Manager to Configure Oracle Net Services
          • 7.1.2.1 Starting Oracle Net Manager
          • 7.1.2.2 Navigating Oracle Net Manager
          • 7.1.2.3 Using Oracle Net Manager Wizards
            • 7.1.2.3.1 Using the Net Service Name Wizard
            • 7.1.2.3.2 Using the Directory Server Migration Wizard
        • 7.1.3 Deciding When to Use Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control and Oracle Net Manager
        • 7.1.4 Using Oracle Net Configuration Assistant to Configure Network Components
      • 7.2 About the OracleNetAdmins Group
        • 7.2.1 Adding Users To the OracleNetAdmins Group
        • 7.2.2 Removing Users From the OracleNetAdmins Group
        • 7.2.3 Changing Ownership of the OracleNetAdmins Group
      • 7.3 Using Listener Control Utility to Administer the Listener
      • 7.4 Performing Common Network Tasks
    • 8 Configuring Naming Methods
      • 8.1 Understanding the Easy Connect Naming Method
        • 8.1.1 About Easy Connect Plus
        • 8.1.2 Examples of Easy Connect Naming Method
        • 8.1.3 Configuring Easy Connect Naming on the Client
        • 8.1.4 Configuring Easy Connect Naming to Use a DNS Alias
      • 8.2 Configuring the Local Naming Method
        • 8.2.1 Configuring the tnsnames.ora File During Installation
        • 8.2.2 Configuring the tnsnames.ora File After Installation
      • 8.3 Configuring the Directory Naming Method
      • 8.4 Creating Multiple Default Contexts in a Directory Naming Server
      • 8.5 Exporting Local Naming Entries to a Directory Naming Server
      • 8.6 Exporting Directory Naming Entries to a tnsnames.ora File
      • 8.7 Configuring External Naming Methods
    • 9 Configuring and Administering Oracle Net Listener
      • 9.1 Overview of Oracle Net Listener
      • 9.2 Configuring Dynamic Service Registration
        • 9.2.1 Setting Initialization Parameters for Service Registration
        • 9.2.2 Registering Information with a Local Listener
        • 9.2.3 Registering Information with a Remote Listener
        • 9.2.4 Registering Information with All Listeners in a Network
        • 9.2.5 Configuring a Naming Method
      • 9.3 Configuring Oracle Net Listener During Installation
      • 9.4 Customizing Oracle Net Listener Configuration
        • 9.4.1 Configuring Listening Protocol Addresses
          • 9.4.1.1 Configuring Listening Protocol Addresses Using Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control
          • 9.4.1.2 Configuring Listening Protocol Addresses Using Oracle Net Manager
        • 9.4.2 Handling Large Volumes of Concurrent Connection Requests
        • 9.4.3 Managing Oracle Net Listener Security
          • 9.4.3.1 Specifying Valid Nodes and Subnets
      • 9.5 Administering the Listener
        • 9.5.1 Starting and Stopping a Listener
          • 9.5.1.1 Starting or Stopping a Listener Using the Listener Control Utility
          • 9.5.1.2 Starting or Stopping a Listener Using Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control
        • 9.5.2 Managing a Listener in an Oracle Restart Configuration
          • 9.5.2.1 Viewing Configured Listeners Using the SRVCTL Utility
          • 9.5.2.2 Adding or Removing a Listener Using the SRVCTL Utility
          • 9.5.2.3 Starting or Stopping a Listener Using the SRVCTL Utility
        • 9.5.3 Determining the Current Status of a Listener
          • 9.5.3.1 Showing Status Using Listener Control
          • 9.5.3.2 Showing Status Using Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control
        • 9.5.4 Monitoring Services of a Listener
        • 9.5.5 Monitoring Listener Log Files
      • 9.6 Understanding Listener Redirects
    • 10 Configuring Oracle Connection Manager
      • 10.1 About the cman.ora File
      • 10.2 How to Configure Oracle Connection Manager
        • 10.2.1 Configuring the cman.ora file for the Oracle Connection Manager Host
          • 10.2.1.1 Configure Secure Sockets Layer on the Oracle Connection Manager (CMAN)
          • 10.2.1.2 Enabling Access Control
        • 10.2.2 Configuring Clients for Oracle Connection Manager
        • 10.2.3 Configuring the Oracle Database Server for Oracle Connection Manager
          • 10.2.3.1 Configuring Service Registration for Use with Oracle Connection Manager
          • 10.2.3.2 Enabling Session Multiplexing for Oracle Connection Manager
        • 10.2.4 Configuring Oracle Connection Manager in Traffic Director Mode
          • 10.2.4.1 Configuring cman.ora File for Oracle Connection Manager in Traffic Director Mode
          • 10.2.4.2 Configuring a Wallet for Oracle Connection Manager in Traffic Director Mode Proxy Authentication
            • 10.2.4.2.1 Enabling Oracle Connection Manager in Traffic Director Mode to Use the External Password Store
          • 10.2.4.3 Configuring Databases for Oracle Connection Manager in Traffic Director Mode Proxy Authentication
          • 10.2.4.4 Configuring Service Registration with Oracle Connection Manager in Traffic Director Mode
          • 10.2.4.5 Configuring Proxy Resident Connection Pool in Oracle Connection Manager in Traffic Director Mode
          • 10.2.4.6 Configuring Oracle Connection Manager in Traffic Director Mode for Unplanned Events
          • 10.2.4.7 Configuring Oracle Connection Manager in Traffic Director Mode for Planned Down Events
          • 10.2.4.8 Configuring Secure Sockets Layer on Oracle Connection Manager in Traffic Director Mode
          • 10.2.4.9 Oracle Connection Manager in Traffic Director Mode Restrictions
      • 10.3 Using Oracle Connection Manager as a Bridge for IPv4 and IPv6
      • 10.4 Using the Oracle Connection Manager Control Utility to Administer Oracle Connection Manager
      • 10.5 About Using Oracle Connection Manager in Traffic Director Mode
      • 10.6 Oracle Connection Manager Enhancements
    • 11 Configuring a Shared Server Architecture
      • 11.1 About Dispatchers
        • 11.1.1 Grouping Services by Dispatcher
        • 11.1.2 Monitoring Dispatchers
      • 11.2 Enabling Session Multiplexing
      • 11.3 Configuring Clients for Environments with Both Shared and Dedicated Servers
    • 12 Configuring Profiles
      • 12.1 Overview of Profile Configuration
      • 12.2 Configuring the Profile During Installation
      • 12.3 Understanding Client Attributes for Names Resolution
        • 12.3.1 About the Default Domain for Clients
          • 12.3.1.1 Specifying a Default Domain
        • 12.3.2 Prioritizing Naming Methods
        • 12.3.3 Routing Connection Requests to a Process
      • 12.4 Settings for Database Access Control
        • 12.4.1 Configuring Database Access Control
      • 12.5 About Advanced Profile Information
        • 12.5.1 Setting the Advanced Features in the sqlnet.ora File Using Oracle Net Services
      • 12.6 Configuring External Naming Methods
      • 12.7 Configuring Oracle Network Security
    • 13 Enabling Advanced Features of Oracle Net Services
      • 13.1 Configuring Advanced Network Address and Connect Data Information
        • 13.1.1 Creating a List of Listener Protocol Addresses
        • 13.1.2 About the Address List Parameters
          • 13.1.2.1 Configuring Address List Parameters
        • 13.1.3 About the Advanced Connect Data Parameters
      • 13.2 Understanding Connection Load Balancing
        • 13.2.1 Example of Connection Load Balancing for Shared Server Configuration
        • 13.2.2 Example of Connection Load Balancing for Dedicated Server Configuration
        • 13.2.3 COLOCATION_TAG of Client Connections
      • 13.3 Configuring Transparent Application Failover
        • 13.3.1 About Transparent Application Failover
        • 13.3.2 What Transparent Application Failover Restores
        • 13.3.3 About the FAILOVER_MODE Parameters
        • 13.3.4 Implementing Transparent Application Failover
          • 13.3.4.1 TAF with Connect-Time Failover and Client Load Balancing
          • 13.3.4.2 TAF Retrying a Connection
          • 13.3.4.3 TAF Pre-establishing a Connection
        • 13.3.5 Verifying Transparent Application Failover
      • 13.4 Specifying the Instance Role for Primary and Secondary Instance Configurations
      • 13.5 Understanding Static Service Registration
        • 13.5.1 Configuring Static Registration for the Listener
      • 13.6 Configuring Connections to Third-Party Database Services
        • 13.6.1 Default Configuration for External Procedures
          • 13.6.1.1 Configuring Oracle Net Services for External Procedures
            • 13.6.1.1.1 Modifying the Default Configuration for External Procedures
            • 13.6.1.1.2 Creating a New Listener to Run External Procedures
        • 13.6.2 About Oracle Net Services for Oracle Heterogeneous Services
          • 13.6.2.1 Configuring Oracle Database to Connect to Agents
        • 13.6.3 Configuring Oracle Net Services for an Oracle Rdb Database
    • 14 Optimizing Performance
      • 14.1 Understanding the Benefits of Network Data Compression
      • 14.2 Configuring Session Data Unit
        • 14.2.1 Setting the SDU Size for the Database
        • 14.2.2 Setting the SDU Size for the Client
      • 14.3 Determining the Bandwidth-Delay Product
      • 14.4 Configuring I/O Buffer Space
        • 14.4.1 Configuring I/O Buffer Size on the Server
          • 14.4.1.1 Setting the Buffer Size Parameter for Shared Server Processes
        • 14.4.2 Configuring I/O Buffer Space on the Client
      • 14.5 Configuring SDP Support for InfiniBand Connections
        • 14.5.1 Prerequisites for Using SDP
        • 14.5.2 Configuring SDP on the Server
        • 14.5.3 Configuring SDP on the Client
      • 14.6 Configuring Exadirect Support for InfiniBand Connections
        • 14.6.1 Prerequisites for Using Exadirect
        • 14.6.2 Configuring Exadirect on the Server
        • 14.6.3 Configuring Exadirect on the Client
      • 14.7 Limiting Resource Consumption by Unauthorized Users
      • 14.8 About Data-Dependent Routing
        • 14.8.1 Configuring Data-Dependent Routing for Client-Server Connections
  • Part III Testing and Troubleshooting Oracle Net Services
    • 15 Testing Connections
      • 15.1 Testing the Network
      • 15.2 Using the TNSPING Utility to Test Connectivity from the Client
      • 15.3 Using the TRCROUTE Utility to Test Connectivity from the Client
    • 16 Troubleshooting Oracle Net Services
      • 16.1 Understanding Automatic Diagnostic Repository
        • 16.1.1 ADRCI: ADR Command Interpreter
      • 16.2 Diagnosing Oracle Net Services
        • 16.2.1 Diagnosing Server Problems
        • 16.2.2 Diagnosing Client Problems
      • 16.3 Resolving the Most Common Error Messages for Oracle Net Services
        • 16.3.1 ORA-03113: End-of-file on Communication Channel
        • 16.3.2 ORA-12154: Could Not Resolve the Connect Identifier Specified
          • 16.3.2.1 ORA-12154 Error When Using the Local Naming Method
          • 16.3.2.2 ORA-12154 Error When Using the Directory Naming Method
          • 16.3.2.3 ORA-12154 Error When Using the Easy Connect Naming Method
          • 16.3.2.4 ORA-12154 Error When Using the External Naming Method
        • 16.3.3 ORA-12170: Connect Timeout Occurred
        • 16.3.4 TNS-12500 or ORA-12500: Listener Failed to Start a Dedicated Server Process
        • 16.3.5 ORA-12514: Listener Does Not Currently Know of Service Requested in Connect Descriptor
        • 16.3.6 ORA-12520: Listener Could Not Find Available Handler for Requested Type of Server
        • 16.3.7 ORA-12521: Listener Does Not Currently Know of Instance Requested in Connect Descriptor
        • 16.3.8 ORA-12525: Listener Has Not Received Client's Request in Time Allowed
        • 16.3.9 ORA-12533: Illegal Address Parameters
        • 16.3.10 TNS-12540 or ORA-12540: TNS:Internal Limit Restriction Exceeded and TNS-00510: Internal Limit Restriction Exceeded
        • 16.3.11 TNS-12541 or ORA-12541: TNS:No Listener
        • 16.3.12 TNS-12549 or ORA-12549: TNS:Operating System Resource Quota Exceeded and TNS-00519: Operating System Resource Quota Exceeded
        • 16.3.13 TNS-12560 or ORA-12560: TNS:Protocol Adapter Error Occurred
        • 16.3.14 Directory Naming Errors
      • 16.4 Troubleshooting Suggestions for Oracle Net Services
        • 16.4.1 Questions to Consider When Troubleshooting Oracle Net Services
      • 16.5 Example of Troubleshooting a TNS-12154 Error
      • 16.6 Logging Error Information for Oracle Net Services
        • 16.6.1 Oracle Net Error Stacks
          • 16.6.1.1 Understanding Error Stack Messages
        • 16.6.2 Oracle Net Services Log File Names
        • 16.6.3 Oracle Network Log File Segmentation
        • 16.6.4 About the Logging Parameters
          • 16.6.4.1 sqlnet.ora Log Parameters
          • 16.6.4.2 listener.ora Log Parameters
          • 16.6.4.3 cman.ora Log Parameters
        • 16.6.5 Setting Logging Parameters in Configuration Files
          • 16.6.5.1 Setting Parameters for the sqlnet.ora File Using Oracle Net Manager
          • 16.6.5.2 Setting Parameters for the listener.ora File Using Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control
          • 16.6.5.3 Setting Parameters for the listener.ora File Using Oracle Net Manager
        • 16.6.6 Setting Logging During Control Utilities Runtime
        • 16.6.7 Using Log Files
        • 16.6.8 Analyzing Listener Log Files
          • 16.6.8.1 Listener Log Audit Trail Information
            • 16.6.8.1.1 Format of the Listener Log Audit Trail
          • 16.6.8.2 Listener Service Registration Event Information
            • 16.6.8.2.1 Format of the Listener Service Registration Information
          • 16.6.8.3 Listener Direct Hand-Off Information
          • 16.6.8.4 Listener Subscription for ONS Node Down Event Information
          • 16.6.8.5 Listener Oracle Clusterware Notification Information
        • 16.6.9 Analyzing Oracle Connection Manager Logs
      • 16.7 Tracing Error Information for Oracle Net Services
        • 16.7.1 Understanding Oracle Net Services Trace File Names
        • 16.7.2 Setting Tracing Parameters
          • 16.7.2.1 cman.ora Trace Parameters
          • 16.7.2.2 listener.ora Trace Parameters
          • 16.7.2.3 sqlnet.ora Trace Parameters
          • 16.7.2.4 Setting Tracing Parameters in Configuration Files
            • 16.7.2.4.1 Setting Tracing Parameters for sqlnet.ora File Using Oracle Net Manager
            • 16.7.2.4.2 Setting Tracing Parameters for the Listener Using Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control
            • 16.7.2.4.3 Setting Tracing Parameters for the Listener Using Oracle Net Manager
        • 16.7.3 Setting Tracing During Control Utilities Runtime
        • 16.7.4 Evaluating Oracle Net Services Trace Files
          • 16.7.4.1 Flow of Data Packets Between Network Nodes
          • 16.7.4.2 Oracle Net Data Packet Formats
          • 16.7.4.3 Pertinent Oracle Net Trace Error Output
        • 16.7.5 Using the Trace Assistant to Examine Trace Files
          • 16.7.5.1 Trace Assistant Syntax
          • 16.7.5.2 Packet Examples
          • 16.7.5.3 Two-Task Common (TTC) Packet Examples
          • 16.7.5.4 Connection Example
          • 16.7.5.5 Statistics Example
      • 16.8 Contacting Oracle Support Services
  • Glossary
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  1. Net Services Administrator's Guide
  2. Understanding Oracle Net Services

Part I Understanding Oracle Net Services

Part I provides an overview of Oracle Net Services concepts, products, and tools.

This part contains the following chapters:

  • Introducing Oracle Net Services
  • Identifying and Accessing the Database
  • Managing Network Address Information
  • Understanding the Communication Layers
  • Understanding Oracle Net Architecture
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