| Oracle® Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2) Part Number E26088-02 |
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PDF · Mobi · ePub |
| Oracle® Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2) Part Number E26088-02 |
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PDF · Mobi · ePub |
The t-test functions are:
STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED: A two-sample, paired t-test (also known as a crossed t-test)
STATS_T_TEST_INDEP: A t-test of two independent groups with the same variance (pooled variances)
STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU: A t-test of two independent groups with unequal variance (unpooled variances)
The t-test measures the significance of a difference of means. You can use it to compare the means of two groups or the means of one group with a constant. The one-sample and two-sample STATS_T_TEST_* functions take three arguments: two expressions and a return value of type VARCHAR2. The functions return one number, determined by the value of the third argument. If you omit the third argument, then the default is TWO_SIDED_SIG. The meaning of the return values is shown in Table 5-9.
Table 5-9 STATS_T_TEST_* Return Values
| Return Value | Meaning |
|---|---|
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The observed value of t |
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Degree of freedom |
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One-tailed significance of t |
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Two-tailed significance of t |
The two independent STATS_T_TEST_* functions can take a fourth argument (expr3) if the third argument is specified as STATISTIC or ONE_SIDED_SIG. In this case, expr3 indicates which value of expr1 is the high value, or the value whose rejection region is the upper tail.
The significance of the observed value of t is the probability that the value of t would have been obtained by chance—a number between 0 and 1. The smaller the value, the more significant the difference between the means. One-sided significance is always respect to the upper tail. For one-sample and paired t-test, the high value is the first expression. For independent t-test, the high value is the one specified by expr3.
The degree of freedom depends on the type of t-test that resulted in the observed value of t. For example, for a one-sample t-test (STATS_T_TEST_ONE), the degree of freedom is the number of observations in the sample minus 1.
In the STATS_T_TEST_ONE function, expr1 is the sample and expr2 is the constant mean against which the sample mean is compared. For this t-test only, expr2 is optional; the constant mean defaults to 0. This function obtains the value of t by dividing the difference between the sample mean and the known mean by the standard error of the mean (rather than the standard error of the difference of the means, as for STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED).
STATS_T_TEST_ONE Example The following example determines the significance of the difference between the average list price and the constant value 60:
SELECT AVG(prod_list_price) group_mean,
STATS_T_TEST_ONE(prod_list_price, 60, 'STATISTIC') t_observed,
STATS_T_TEST_ONE(prod_list_price, 60) two_sided_p_value
FROM sh.products;
GROUP_MEAN T_OBSERVED TWO_SIDED_P_VALUE
---------- ---------- -----------------
139.545556 2.32107746 .023158537
In the STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED function, expr1 and expr2 are the two samples whose means are being compared. This function obtains the value of t by dividing the difference between the sample means by the standard error of the difference of the means (rather than the standard error of the mean, as for STATS_T_TEST_ONE).
In the STATS_T_TEST_INDEP and STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU functions, expr1 is the grouping column and expr2 is the sample of values. The pooled variances version (STATS_T_TEST_INDEP) tests whether the means are the same or different for two distributions that have similar variances. The unpooled variances version (STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU) tests whether the means are the same or different even if the two distributions are known to have significantly different variances.
Before using these functions, it is advisable to determine whether the variances of the samples are significantly different. If they are, then the data may come from distributions with different shapes, and the difference of the means may not be very useful. You can perform an f-test to determine the difference of the variances. If they are not significantly different, use STATS_T_TEST_INDEP. If they are significantly different, use STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU. Refer to STATS_F_TEST for information on performing an f-test.
STATS_T_TEST_INDEP Example The following example determines the significance of the difference between the average sales to men and women where the distributions are assumed to have similar (pooled) variances:
SELECT SUBSTR(cust_income_level, 1, 22) income_level,
AVG(DECODE(cust_gender, 'M', amount_sold, null)) sold_to_men,
AVG(DECODE(cust_gender, 'F', amount_sold, null)) sold_to_women,
STATS_T_TEST_INDEP(cust_gender, amount_sold, 'STATISTIC', 'F') t_observed,
STATS_T_TEST_INDEP(cust_gender, amount_sold) two_sided_p_value
FROM sh.customers c, sh.sales s
WHERE c.cust_id = s.cust_id
GROUP BY ROLLUP(cust_income_level)
ORDER BY income_level, sold_to_men, sold_to_women, t_observed;
INCOME_LEVEL SOLD_TO_MEN SOLD_TO_WOMEN T_OBSERVED TWO_SIDED_P_VALUE
---------------------- ----------- ------------- ---------- -----------------
A: Below 30,000 105.28349 99.4281447 -1.9880629 .046811482
B: 30,000 - 49,999 102.59651 109.829642 3.04330875 .002341053
C: 50,000 - 69,999 105.627588 110.127931 2.36148671 .018204221
D: 70,000 - 89,999 106.630299 110.47287 2.28496443 .022316997
E: 90,000 - 109,999 103.396741 101.610416 -1.2544577 .209677823
F: 110,000 - 129,999 106.76476 105.981312 -.60444998 .545545304
G: 130,000 - 149,999 108.877532 107.31377 -.85298245 .393671218
H: 150,000 - 169,999 110.987258 107.152191 -1.9062363 .056622983
I: 170,000 - 189,999 102.808238 107.43556 2.18477851 .028908566
J: 190,000 - 249,999 108.040564 115.343356 2.58313425 .009794516
K: 250,000 - 299,999 112.377993 108.196097 -1.4107871 .158316973
L: 300,000 and above 120.970235 112.216342 -2.0642868 .039003862
107.121845 113.80441 .686144393 .492670059
106.663769 107.276386 1.08013499 .280082357
14 rows selected.
STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU Example The following example determines the significance of the difference between the average sales to men and women where the distributions are known to have significantly different (unpooled) variances:
SELECT SUBSTR(cust_income_level, 1, 22) income_level,
AVG(DECODE(cust_gender, 'M', amount_sold, null)) sold_to_men,
AVG(DECODE(cust_gender, 'F', amount_sold, null)) sold_to_women,
STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU(cust_gender, amount_sold, 'STATISTIC', 'F') t_observed,
STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU(cust_gender, amount_sold) two_sided_p_value
FROM sh.customers c, sh.sales s
WHERE c.cust_id = s.cust_id
GROUP BY ROLLUP(cust_income_level)
ORDER BY income_level, sold_to_men, sold_to_women, t_observed;
INCOME_LEVEL SOLD_TO_MEN SOLD_TO_WOMEN T_OBSERVED TWO_SIDED_P_VALUE
---------------------- ----------- ------------- ---------- -----------------
A: Below 30,000 105.28349 99.4281447 -2.0542592 .039964704
B: 30,000 - 49,999 102.59651 109.829642 2.96922332 .002987742
C: 50,000 - 69,999 105.627588 110.127931 2.3496854 .018792277
D: 70,000 - 89,999 106.630299 110.47287 2.26839281 .023307831
E: 90,000 - 109,999 103.396741 101.610416 -1.2603509 .207545662
F: 110,000 - 129,999 106.76476 105.981312 -.60580011 .544648553
G: 130,000 - 149,999 108.877532 107.31377 -.85219781 .394107755
H: 150,000 - 169,999 110.987258 107.152191 -1.9451486 .051762624
I: 170,000 - 189,999 102.808238 107.43556 2.14966921 .031587875
J: 190,000 - 249,999 108.040564 115.343356 2.54749867 .010854966
K: 250,000 - 299,999 112.377993 108.196097 -1.4115514 .158091676
L: 300,000 and above 120.970235 112.216342 -2.0726194 .038225611
107.121845 113.80441 .689462437 .490595765
106.663769 107.276386 1.07853782 .280794207
14 rows selected.
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