5.6.2. The 20 newsgroups text dataset¶
The 20 newsgroups dataset comprises around 18000 newsgroups posts on 20 topics split in two subsets: one for training (or development) and the other one for testing (or for performance evaluation). The split between the train and test set is based upon a messages posted before and after a specific date.
This module contains two loaders. The first one,
sklearn.datasets.fetch_20newsgroups,
returns a list of the raw texts that can be fed to text feature
extractors such as sklearn.feature_extraction.text.CountVectorizer
with custom parameters so as to extract feature vectors.
The second one, sklearn.datasets.fetch_20newsgroups_vectorized,
returns ready-to-use features, i.e., it is not necessary to use a feature
extractor.
5.6.2.1. Usage¶
The sklearn.datasets.fetch_20newsgroups function is a data
fetching / caching functions that downloads the data archive from
the original 20 newsgroups website, extracts the archive contents
in the ~/scikit_learn_data/20news_home folder and calls the
sklearn.datasets.load_files on either the training or
testing set folder, or both of them:
>>> from sklearn.datasets import fetch_20newsgroups
>>> newsgroups_train = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='train')
>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> pprint(list(newsgroups_train.target_names))
['alt.atheism',
'comp.graphics',
'comp.os.ms-windows.misc',
'comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware',
'comp.sys.mac.hardware',
'comp.windows.x',
'misc.forsale',
'rec.autos',
'rec.motorcycles',
'rec.sport.baseball',
'rec.sport.hockey',
'sci.crypt',
'sci.electronics',
'sci.med',
'sci.space',
'soc.religion.christian',
'talk.politics.guns',
'talk.politics.mideast',
'talk.politics.misc',
'talk.religion.misc']
The real data lies in the filenames and target attributes. The target
attribute is the integer index of the category:
>>> newsgroups_train.filenames.shape
(11314,)
>>> newsgroups_train.target.shape
(11314,)
>>> newsgroups_train.target[:10]
array([12, 6, 9, 8, 6, 7, 9, 2, 13, 19])
It is possible to load only a sub-selection of the categories by passing the
list of the categories to load to the
sklearn.datasets.fetch_20newsgroups function:
>>> cats = ['alt.atheism', 'sci.space']
>>> newsgroups_train = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='train', categories=cats)
>>> list(newsgroups_train.target_names)
['alt.atheism', 'sci.space']
>>> newsgroups_train.filenames.shape
(1073,)
>>> newsgroups_train.target.shape
(1073,)
>>> newsgroups_train.target[:10]
array([1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1])
5.6.2.2. Converting text to vectors¶
In order to feed predictive or clustering models with the text data,
one first need to turn the text into vectors of numerical values suitable
for statistical analysis. This can be achieved with the utilities of the
sklearn.feature_extraction.text as demonstrated in the following
example that extract TF-IDF vectors of unigram tokens
from a subset of 20news:
>>> from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
>>> categories = ['alt.atheism', 'talk.religion.misc',
... 'comp.graphics', 'sci.space']
>>> newsgroups_train = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='train',
... categories=categories)
>>> vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer()
>>> vectors = vectorizer.fit_transform(newsgroups_train.data)
>>> vectors.shape
(2034, 34118)
The extracted TF-IDF vectors are very sparse, with an average of 159 non-zero components by sample in a more than 30000-dimensional space (less than .5% non-zero features):
>>> vectors.nnz / float(vectors.shape[0])
159.01327433628319
sklearn.datasets.fetch_20newsgroups_vectorized is a function which returns
ready-to-use tfidf features instead of file names.
5.6.2.3. Filtering text for more realistic training¶
It is easy for a classifier to overfit on particular things that appear in the 20 Newsgroups data, such as newsgroup headers. Many classifiers achieve very high F-scores, but their results would not generalize to other documents that aren’t from this window of time.
For example, let’s look at the results of a multinomial Naive Bayes classifier, which is fast to train and achieves a decent F-score:
>>> from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB
>>> from sklearn import metrics
>>> newsgroups_test = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='test',
... categories=categories)
>>> vectors_test = vectorizer.transform(newsgroups_test.data)
>>> clf = MultinomialNB(alpha=.01)
>>> clf.fit(vectors, newsgroups_train.target)
>>> pred = clf.predict(vectors_test)
>>> metrics.f1_score(newsgroups_test.target, pred, average='macro')
0.88213592402729568
(The example Classification of text documents using sparse features shuffles the training and test data, instead of segmenting by time, and in that case multinomial Naive Bayes gets a much higher F-score of 0.88. Are you suspicious yet of what’s going on inside this classifier?)
Let’s take a look at what the most informative features are:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> def show_top10(classifier, vectorizer, categories):
... feature_names = np.asarray(vectorizer.get_feature_names())
... for i, category in enumerate(categories):
... top10 = np.argsort(classifier.coef_[i])[-10:]
... print("%s: %s" % (category, " ".join(feature_names[top10])))
...
>>> show_top10(clf, vectorizer, newsgroups_train.target_names)
alt.atheism: sgi livesey atheists writes people caltech com god keith edu
comp.graphics: organization thanks files subject com image lines university edu graphics
sci.space: toronto moon gov com alaska access henry nasa edu space
talk.religion.misc: article writes kent people christian jesus sandvik edu com god
You can now see many things that these features have overfit to:
- Almost every group is distinguished by whether headers such as
NNTP-Posting-Host:andDistribution:appear more or less often. - Another significant feature involves whether the sender is affiliated with a university, as indicated either by their headers or their signature.
- The word “article” is a significant feature, based on how often people quote previous posts like this: “In article [article ID], [name] <[e-mail address]> wrote:”
- Other features match the names and e-mail addresses of particular people who were posting at the time.
With such an abundance of clues that distinguish newsgroups, the classifiers barely have to identify topics from text at all, and they all perform at the same high level.
For this reason, the functions that load 20 Newsgroups data provide a
parameter called remove, telling it what kinds of information to strip out
of each file. remove should be a tuple containing any subset of
('headers', 'footers', 'quotes'), telling it to remove headers, signature
blocks, and quotation blocks respectively.
>>> newsgroups_test = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='test',
... remove=('headers', 'footers', 'quotes'),
... categories=categories)
>>> vectors_test = vectorizer.transform(newsgroups_test.data)
>>> pred = clf.predict(vectors_test)
>>> metrics.f1_score(pred, newsgroups_test.target, average='macro')
0.77310350681274775
This classifier lost over a lot of its F-score, just because we removed metadata that has little to do with topic classification. It loses even more if we also strip this metadata from the training data:
>>> newsgroups_train = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='train',
... remove=('headers', 'footers', 'quotes'),
... categories=categories)
>>> vectors = vectorizer.fit_transform(newsgroups_train.data)
>>> clf = MultinomialNB(alpha=.01)
>>> clf.fit(vectors, newsgroups_train.target)
>>> vectors_test = vectorizer.transform(newsgroups_test.data)
>>> pred = clf.predict(vectors_test)
>>> metrics.f1_score(newsgroups_test.target, pred, average='macro')
0.76995175184521725
Some other classifiers cope better with this harder version of the task. Try
running Sample pipeline for text feature extraction and evaluation with and without
the --filter option to compare the results.
Recommendation
When evaluating text classifiers on the 20 Newsgroups data, you
should strip newsgroup-related metadata. In scikit-learn, you can do this by
setting remove=('headers', 'footers', 'quotes'). The F-score will be
lower because it is more realistic.